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共用题干
第一篇
Human Heart can Make New Cells
Solving a longstanding（为时甚久的）mystery, scientists have found that the human heart continues to
generate new cardiac（心脏的）cells throughout the life span, although the rate of new cell production slows
with age.
The finding,published in the April 3rd issue of Science,could open a new path for the treatment of heart
diseases such as heart failure and heart attack,experts say.
"We find that the beating cells in the heart, cardiomyocytes（心肌细胞）,are renewed," said lead
researcher Dr. Jonas Frisen,a professor of stem cell research at the Karolinska Institute in Stockholm,
Sweden."It has previously not been known whether we were limited to the cardiomyocytes we were born with
or whether they could be renewed,"he said.
"The process of renewing these cells changes over time,"Frisen added. In a 20-year-old,about 1
percent of cardiomyocytes are exchanged each year , but the turnover（更替）rate decreases with age to only
0.45 percent by age 75.
"If we can understand how the generation of new cardiomyocytes is regulated,it may be potentially
possible to develop pharmaceuticals（药物）that promote this process to stimulate regeneration after , for
example,a heart attack,"Frisen said.
That could lead to treatment that helps restore damaged hearts.
"A lot of people suffer from chronic heart failure,."noted co-author Dr. Ratan Bhardwaj,also from the
Karolinska Institute."Chronic heart failure arises from heart cells dying," he said.
"With this finding,scientists are opening the door to potential therapies（疗法）,to having ourselves heal
ourselves,"Bhardwaj said."Maybe one could devise a pharmaceutical agent that would make heart cells
make new and more cells to overcome the problem they are facing."
But barriers remain.According to Bhardwaj,scientists do not yet know how to increase heart cell
production to a rate that would replace cells faster than they are dying off,especially in older patients with
heart failure.In addition,the number of new cells the heart produces was estimated using healthy hearts一
whether the rate of cell turnover in diseased hearts is the same remains unknown.
第一篇
Human Heart can Make New Cells
Solving a longstanding（为时甚久的）mystery, scientists have found that the human heart continues to
generate new cardiac（心脏的）cells throughout the life span, although the rate of new cell production slows
with age.
The finding,published in the April 3rd issue of Science,could open a new path for the treatment of heart
diseases such as heart failure and heart attack,experts say.
"We find that the beating cells in the heart, cardiomyocytes（心肌细胞）,are renewed," said lead
researcher Dr. Jonas Frisen,a professor of stem cell research at the Karolinska Institute in Stockholm,
Sweden."It has previously not been known whether we were limited to the cardiomyocytes we were born with
or whether they could be renewed,"he said.
"The process of renewing these cells changes over time,"Frisen added. In a 20-year-old,about 1
percent of cardiomyocytes are exchanged each year , but the turnover（更替）rate decreases with age to only
0.45 percent by age 75.
"If we can understand how the generation of new cardiomyocytes is regulated,it may be potentially
possible to develop pharmaceuticals（药物）that promote this process to stimulate regeneration after , for
example,a heart attack,"Frisen said.
That could lead to treatment that helps restore damaged hearts.
"A lot of people suffer from chronic heart failure,."noted co-author Dr. Ratan Bhardwaj,also from the
Karolinska Institute."Chronic heart failure arises from heart cells dying," he said.
"With this finding,scientists are opening the door to potential therapies（疗法）,to having ourselves heal
ourselves,"Bhardwaj said."Maybe one could devise a pharmaceutical agent that would make heart cells
make new and more cells to overcome the problem they are facing."
But barriers remain.According to Bhardwaj,scientists do not yet know how to increase heart cell
production to a rate that would replace cells faster than they are dying off,especially in older patients with
heart failure.In addition,the number of new cells the heart produces was estimated using healthy hearts一
whether the rate of cell turnover in diseased hearts is the same remains unknown.
It is not known yet if the rate of cell turnover in diseased hearts_________.
A:is high enough to replace cells faster than they're dying off
B:is of any use to researchers
C:is the same as that in healthy hearts
D:changes over time
A:is high enough to replace cells faster than they're dying off
B:is of any use to researchers
C:is the same as that in healthy hearts
D:changes over time
参考答案
参考解析
解析：根据第一段中“…the human heart continues to generate new cardiac（心脏的）cells throughout the life span”可知，在人的整个生命进程中，其心脏持续产生新的心肌细胞。言外之 意，这个过程直到生命结束才会停止。
根据第二段中“The finding...could open a new path for the treatment of heart diseases”可 知，这个研究成果将为心脏病的治疗开辟新的途径。因此C项符合题意。
根据第四段中“…but the turnover（更替）rate decreases with age to only 0.45 percent by age 75”可知，C项符合题意。
根据倒数第三段中“Chronic heart failure arises from heart cells dying”可知，慢性心力衰 竭是由心肌细胞死亡导致的。因此A项符合题意。
最后一句的大意是：另外，心脏产生的新细胞的数量是按照健康心脏估算的，而患病心脏的细胞更替率是否与健康心脏相同还不得而知。因此C项符合题意。第二篇 本篇文章主要讲述了远古冰人尸体的发现及对其的相关研究情况。
根据第二段中“The finding...could open a new path for the treatment of heart diseases”可 知，这个研究成果将为心脏病的治疗开辟新的途径。因此C项符合题意。
根据第四段中“…but the turnover（更替）rate decreases with age to only 0.45 percent by age 75”可知，C项符合题意。
根据倒数第三段中“Chronic heart failure arises from heart cells dying”可知，慢性心力衰 竭是由心肌细胞死亡导致的。因此A项符合题意。
最后一句的大意是：另外，心脏产生的新细胞的数量是按照健康心脏估算的，而患病心脏的细胞更替率是否与健康心脏相同还不得而知。因此C项符合题意。第二篇 本篇文章主要讲述了远古冰人尸体的发现及对其的相关研究情况。
更多 “共用题干 第一篇Human Heart can Make New CellsSolving a longstanding（为时甚久的）mystery, scientists have found that the human heart continues togenerate new cardiac（心脏的）cells throughout the life span, although the rate of new cell production slows with age.The finding,published in the April 3rd issue of Science,could open a new path for the treatment of heart diseases such as heart failure and heart attack,experts say."We find that the beating cells in the heart, cardiomyocytes（心肌细胞）,are renewed," said lead researcher Dr. Jonas Frisen,a professor of stem cell research at the Karolinska Institute in Stockholm,Sweden."It has previously not been known whether we were limited to the cardiomyocytes we were born with or whether they could be renewed,"he said."The process of renewing these cells changes over time,"Frisen added. In a 20-year-old,about 1percent of cardiomyocytes are exchanged each year , but the turnover（更替）rate decreases with age to only 0.45 percent by age 75."If we can understand how the generation of new cardiomyocytes is regulated,it may be potentially possible to develop pharmaceuticals（药物）that promote this process to stimulate regeneration after , for example,a heart attack,"Frisen said.That could lead to treatment that helps restore damaged hearts."A lot of people suffer from chronic heart failure,."noted co-author Dr. Ratan Bhardwaj,also from the Karolinska Institute."Chronic heart failure arises from heart cells dying," he said."With this finding,scientists are opening the door to potential therapies（疗法）,to having ourselves heal ourselves,"Bhardwaj said."Maybe one could devise a pharmaceutical agent that would make heart cells make new and more cells to overcome the problem they are facing."But barriers remain.According to Bhardwaj,scientists do not yet know how to increase heart cell production to a rate that would replace cells faster than they are dying off,especially in older patients with heart failure.In addition,the number of new cells the heart produces was estimated using healthy hearts一 whether the rate of cell turnover in diseased hearts is the same remains unknown.It is not known yet if the rate of cell turnover in diseased hearts_________.A:is high enough to replace cells faster than they're dying offB:is of any use to researchersC:is the same as that in healthy heartsD:changes over time” 相关考题
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共用题干
第一篇Genetic EngineeringGenetic engineering began when the DNA molecule（分子）,the most basic unit of life , was first described in 1953 by James Watson and Francis Crick.An understanding of DNA led to the altering of normal cell reproduction.Experiments with altering human cells began in 1970.In one of the first experiments,patients were injected with a virus that would produce a life-saving enzyme,but their bodies would not accept it.In 1980 patients with a rare but fatal blood disease were injected with a purified gene that was cloned through DNA technology.Another failure.Genetic engineering got a legal boost（激励）in 1980. The U. S. Supreme Court said that a patent couldbe granted on a genetically engineered "oil-eating" bacterium（细菌）.This bacterium would help clean up oil spills.The ruling encouraged companies to invent new life forms,and three important medical products were quickly developed.1.Human interferon（干扰素）—a possible solution to some cancers and viral diseases.A newly engineered bacterium produced human interferon as a by-product. This new product reduced the cost of interferon.2. Human growth hormone（荷尔蒙）一for children whose bodies do not grow to normal height. An expensive growth hormone was previously produced from human cadavers,but by changing the genetic make- up of the single-cell bacterium E.coli,and affordable growth hormone could be produced.3. Human insulin（胰岛素）一for the treatment of diabetes. People with diabetes used to rely on a beef- or-pork-based product until 1982.Now insulin can be manufactured by genetically altered bacteria.Advances in genetic engineering have continued,though they constantly must be weighed against the safety of procedures.There is clearly much more to discover.According to the passage, human interferon__________.A:is a hormone that causes diseaseB:could be used to treat cancerC:is a viral diseaseD:has been cured
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共用题干
Scientists Develop Ways of Detecting Heart AttackGerman researchers have___1___a new generation of defibrillators and earlywarning software aimed at offering heart patients greater protection___2___sudden death from cardiac arrest.In Germany alone around 100,000 people die annually as a result of cardiac arrest and many of these cases___3___by disruption to the heart's rhythm. Those most at risk are pa- tients who have___4___suffered a heart attack,and for years the use of defibrillators has proved useful in diagnosing___ 5___ disruptions to heart rhythms and correcting them automat-ically by intervening within seconds. These devices___6___ a range of functions,such as that of pacemaker.Heart specialists at Freiburg's University Clinic have now achieved a breakthrough with an implanted defibrillator ___7___of generating a six-channel electrocardiogram(ECG)within the body. This integrated system allows early diagnosis of___8___blood-flow problems and a pending heart attack. It will be implanted in patients for the first time this year. Meanwhile, researchers at the Fraunhofer Institute for Applied Mathematics in Kaiserslautern have developed new computer software that renders the evaluation of ECG data___9___.The overwhelming___10___of patients at risk will not have an implanted defibrillator and must for this reason undergo regular ECGs.“Many of the current programs only ___11___ into account a linear correlation of the data. We are,however,making use___12___ a non-linear process that reveals the chaotic patterns of heart beats as an open and complex system,”Hagen Knaf says,“___ 13___ changes in the heart beats over time can be monitored and indi- vidual variations in patients taken into account.”An old study of ECG data,based___14___ 600 patients who had suffered a subsequent heart attack,enabled the researchers to compare risks and to show___15___the new software evaluates the data considerably better.8._________A: chronicB: acuteC: recurrentD: persistent
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共用题干
Scientists Develop Ways of Detecting Heart AttackGerman researchers have come up with a new generation of defibrillators（除颤器）and early-warning software aimed at offering heart patients greater________ (51)from sudden death from cardiac arrest（心脏 停搏）.In Germany alone,around 100,000 people die annually________(52)a result of cardiac arrest and many of these cases are caused by disruption to the heart's rhythm.Those most at________(53)are pa- tients who have already suffered a heart attack,and for years the use of defibrillators has proved useful in ________(54)life-threatening disruptions to heart rhythms and correcting them automatically by intervening within seconds.These devices________(55)on a range of functions,such as that of pacemaker（起 搏器）.Heart specialists at Freiburg's University Clinic have now achieved a breakthrough with an implanted defibrillator________(56 ) of generating a six-channel electrocardiogram ( EGG，心电图）within the body. This integrated system allows _________( 57 ) diagnosis of severe blood-flow problems and a pending（即将发 生的）heart attack. It will be implanted in _________( 58 ) for the first time this year. Meanwhile , research- ers at the Fraunhofer Institute for Applied Mathematics in Kaiserslautern have developed new computer soft- ware that________(59)the evaluation of EGG data more precise.The overwhelming majority of patients at risk will not have an implanted defibrillator and must for this ________(60)undergo regular EGGs."Many of the current programs only take into________(61)a line-ar correlation of the data. We are,however,making use in a non-linear process________(62)reveals the chaotic patterns of heart beats as an open and complex system,"Hagen Knaf says,"In this way changes in the heart________(63)over time can be monitored and individual variations in patients taken into ac-count."An old study of EGG data,based upon 600 patients who had________(64)a subsequent heart attack,enabled the researchers to compare risks and to show that the new software evaluates the________(65)considerably better._________(61)A:accountB:troubleC:confusionD:effort
考题
共用题干
Stem Cell Therapy May Help Repair the HeartAccording to scientists in the USA,stem cell therapy may one day be able to repair the hearts of people with heart failure.Researchers at Pittsburgh University School of Medicine examined 20 patients who had severe heart failure and were going to have surgery.They injected stem cells into the parts of their hearts that were damaged.They then compared their hearts with those of people who had undergone surgery without having the stem cells injected into them(they had also suffered from severe heart failure).The patients who had had the stem cells injected had hearts that were able to pump（用泵抽运） more blood than the others.According to Professor Robert Kormos,one of the researchers,these results could revolutionize heart treatment.Although previous studies had indicated that there might be a benefit,this is the first study that has actually proved that stem cell therapy can help thefailing heart work better．All the patients in this study had hearts that could not pump blood properly.The scientists measured their ejection fraction（射血分数）.This is a measure of heart performance;you measure how much blood is being pumped out by the left ventricle（心室）.Healthy people's ejection fraction is about 55%.These patients had ejection fraction ofunder 35%. They all had by-pass surgery（搭桥手术）performed on them. Some of the patients had stem cells taken from their hip bones and injected into 25-30 sites in the damaged heart muscle.Six months later their ejection fraction rate was 46.1%while those who just had surgery but no stem cell injections averaged 37. 2%.No side effects were reported.Heart failure is a common problem all over the world.In the UK alone about 650, 000 people suffer from heart failure every year. As the number of people suffering from heart failure increases in the world in general these findings are particularly significant.Current treatments relieve the symptoms.This new stem cell therapy actually repairs the damaged muscle in the heart and has the potential of curing the disease. Heart failure is more common in the UK than anywhere else in the world.A:Right B:Wrong C:Not mentioned
考题
共用题干
Stem Cell Therapy May Help Repair the HeartAccording to scientists in the USA,stem cell therapy may one day be able to repair the hearts of people with heart failure.Researchers at Pittsburgh University School of Medicine examined 20 patients who had severe heart failure and were going to have surgery.They injected stem cells into the parts of their hearts that were damaged.They then compared their hearts with those of people who had undergone surgery without having the stem cells injected into them(they had also suffered from severe heart failure).The patients who had had the stem cells injected had hearts that were able to pump（用泵抽运） more blood than the others.According to Professor Robert Kormos,one of the researchers,these results could revolutionize heart treatment.Although previous studies had indicated that there might be a benefit,this is the first study that has actually proved that stem cell therapy can help thefailing heart work better．All the patients in this study had hearts that could not pump blood properly.The scientists measured their ejection fraction（射血分数）.This is a measure of heart performance;you measure how much blood is being pumped out by the left ventricle（心室）.Healthy people's ejection fraction is about 55%.These patients had ejection fraction ofunder 35%. They all had by-pass surgery（搭桥手术）performed on them. Some of the patients had stem cells taken from their hip bones and injected into 25-30 sites in the damaged heart muscle.Six months later their ejection fraction rate was 46.1%while those who just had surgery but no stem cell injections averaged 37. 2%.No side effects were reported.Heart failure is a common problem all over the world.In the UK alone about 650, 000 people suffer from heart failure every year. As the number of people suffering from heart failure increases in the world in general these findings are particularly significant.Current treatments relieve the symptoms.This new stem cell therapy actually repairs the damaged muscle in the heart and has the potential of curing the disease. The 20 patients had stem cell injections instead of surgery.A:Right B:Wrong C:Not mentioned
考题
共用题干
Stem Cell Therapy May Help Repair the HeartAccording to scientists in the USA,stem cell therapy may one day be able to repair the hearts of people with heart failure.Researchers at Pittsburgh University School of Medicine examined 20 patients who had severe heart failure and were going to have surgery.They injected stem cells into the parts of their hearts that were damaged.They then compared their hearts with those of people who had undergone surgery without having the stem cells injected into them(they had also suffered from severe heart failure).The patients who had had the stem cells injected had hearts that were able to pump（用泵抽运） more blood than the others.According to Professor Robert Kormos,one of the researchers,these results could revolutionize heart treatment.Although previous studies had indicated that there might be a benefit,this is the first study that has actually proved that stem cell therapy can help thefailing heart work better．All the patients in this study had hearts that could not pump blood properly.The scientists measured their ejection fraction（射血分数）.This is a measure of heart performance;you measure how much blood is being pumped out by the left ventricle（心室）.Healthy people's ejection fraction is about 55%.These patients had ejection fraction ofunder 35%. They all had by-pass surgery（搭桥手术）performed on them. Some of the patients had stem cells taken from their hip bones and injected into 25-30 sites in the damaged heart muscle.Six months later their ejection fraction rate was 46.1%while those who just had surgery but no stem cell injections averaged 37. 2%.No side effects were reported.Heart failure is a common problem all over the world.In the UK alone about 650, 000 people suffer from heart failure every year. As the number of people suffering from heart failure increases in the world in general these findings are particularly significant.Current treatments relieve the symptoms.This new stem cell therapy actually repairs the damaged muscle in the heart and has the potential of curing the disease. Stem cell therapy seems to have great prospects.A:Right B:Wrong C:Not mentioned
考题
共用题干
Scientists Develop Ways of Detecting Heart AttackGerman researchers have___1___a new generation of defibrillators and earlywarning software aimed at offering heart patients greater protection___2___sudden death from cardiac arrest.In Germany alone around 100,000 people die annually as a result of cardiac arrest and many of these cases___3___by disruption to the heart's rhythm. Those most at risk are pa- tients who have___4___suffered a heart attack,and for years the use of defibrillators has proved useful in diagnosing___ 5___ disruptions to heart rhythms and correcting them automat-ically by intervening within seconds. These devices___6___ a range of functions,such as that of pacemaker.Heart specialists at Freiburg's University Clinic have now achieved a breakthrough with an implanted defibrillator ___7___of generating a six-channel electrocardiogram(ECG)within the body. This integrated system allows early diagnosis of___8___blood-flow problems and a pending heart attack. It will be implanted in patients for the first time this year. Meanwhile, researchers at the Fraunhofer Institute for Applied Mathematics in Kaiserslautern have developed new computer software that renders the evaluation of ECG data___9___.The overwhelming___10___of patients at risk will not have an implanted defibrillator and must for this reason undergo regular ECGs.“Many of the current programs only ___11___ into account a linear correlation of the data. We are,however,making use___12___ a non-linear process that reveals the chaotic patterns of heart beats as an open and complex system,”Hagen Knaf says,“___ 13___ changes in the heart beats over time can be monitored and indi- vidual variations in patients taken into account.”An old study of ECG data,based___14___ 600 patients who had suffered a subsequent heart attack,enabled the researchers to compare risks and to show___15___the new software evaluates the data considerably better.3._________A: are causedB: causedC: are to causeD: have been causing
考题
Scientists Develop Ways of Detecting Heart Attack【科学家探索发现心脏病的方法】
German researchers have __ 1 __ a new generation of defibrillators and early-warning software aimed at offering heart patients greater protection __ 2 __ sudden death from cardiac arrest.
In Germany alone around 100,000 people die annually as a result of cardiac arrest and many of these cases __ 3 __ by disruption to the heart’s rhythm. Those most at risk are patients who have __ 4 __ suffered a heart attack, and for years the use of defibrillators has proved useful in diagnosing __ 5 __ disruption to heart rhythms and correcting them automatically by intervening within seconds. These devices __ 6__ a range of functions, such as that of pacemaker.
Heart specialists at Freiburg’s University Clinic have now achieved a breakthrough with an implanted defibrillator __ 7 __ of generating a six-channel electrocardiogram (ECG. within the body. This integrated system allows early diagnosis of __ 8__ blood-flow problems and a pending heart attack. It will be implanted in patients for the first time this year. Meanwhile, researchers at the Fraunhofer Institute for Applied Mathematics in Kaiserslautern have developed new computer software that renders of ECG data __ 9 __ .
The overwhelming __ 10 __ of patients at risk will not have an implanted defibrillator and must for this reason undergo regular ECGs. “Many of the current programs only __ 11__ into account a linear correlation of the data. We are, however, making use __ 12__ a non-linear process that reveals the chaotic patterns of heart beats as an open and complex system,” Hagen Knaf says, “__ 13 __ changes in the heart beats over time can be monitored and individual variations in patients taken into account.” An old study of ECG data, based __ 14__ 600 patients who had suffered a subsequent heart attack, enabled the researchers to compare risks and to show __ 15 __ the new software evaluates the data considerably better.
文章(6~20)
A come up B come up with C come up to D come up against
考题
共用题干
Scientists Develop Ways of Detecting Heart AttackGerman researchers have___1___a new generation of defibrillators and earlywarning software aimed at offering heart patients greater protection___2___sudden death from cardiac arrest.In Germany alone around 100,000 people die annually as a result of cardiac arrest and many of these cases___3___by disruption to the heart's rhythm. Those most at risk are pa- tients who have___4___suffered a heart attack,and for years the use of defibrillators has proved useful in diagnosing___ 5___ disruptions to heart rhythms and correcting them automat-ically by intervening within seconds. These devices___6___ a range of functions,such as that of pacemaker.Heart specialists at Freiburg's University Clinic have now achieved a breakthrough with an implanted defibrillator ___7___of generating a six-channel electrocardiogram(ECG)within the body. This integrated system allows early diagnosis of___8___blood-flow problems and a pending heart attack. It will be implanted in patients for the first time this year. Meanwhile, researchers at the Fraunhofer Institute for Applied Mathematics in Kaiserslautern have developed new computer software that renders the evaluation of ECG data___9___.The overwhelming___10___of patients at risk will not have an implanted defibrillator and must for this reason undergo regular ECGs.“Many of the current programs only ___11___ into account a linear correlation of the data. We are,however,making use___12___ a non-linear process that reveals the chaotic patterns of heart beats as an open and complex system,”Hagen Knaf says,“___ 13___ changes in the heart beats over time can be monitored and indi- vidual variations in patients taken into account.”An old study of ECG data,based___14___ 600 patients who had suffered a subsequent heart attack,enabled the researchers to compare risks and to show___15___the new software evaluates the data considerably better.5._________ A: disease-producingB: health-improvingC: life-threateningD: error-correcting
考题
共用题干
Stem Cell Therapy May Help Repair the HeartAccording to scientists in the USA,stem cell therapy may one day be able to repair the hearts of people with heart failure.Researchers at Pittsburgh University School of Medicine examined 20 patients who had severe heart failure and were going to have surgery.They injected stem cells into the parts of their hearts that were damaged.They then compared their hearts with those of people who had undergone surgery without having the stem cells injected into them(they had also suffered from severe heart failure).The patients who had had the stem cells injected had hearts that were able to pump（用泵抽运） more blood than the others.According to Professor Robert Kormos,one of the researchers,these results could revolutionize heart treatment.Although previous studies had indicated that there might be a benefit,this is the first study that has actually proved that stem cell therapy can help thefailing heart work better．All the patients in this study had hearts that could not pump blood properly.The scientists measured their ejection fraction（射血分数）.This is a measure of heart performance;you measure how much blood is being pumped out by the left ventricle（心室）.Healthy people's ejection fraction is about 55%.These patients had ejection fraction ofunder 35%. They all had by-pass surgery（搭桥手术）performed on them. Some of the patients had stem cells taken from their hip bones and injected into 25-30 sites in the damaged heart muscle.Six months later their ejection fraction rate was 46.1%while those who just had surgery but no stem cell injections averaged 37. 2%.No side effects were reported.Heart failure is a common problem all over the world.In the UK alone about 650, 000 people suffer from heart failure every year. As the number of people suffering from heart failure increases in the world in general these findings are particularly significant.Current treatments relieve the symptoms.This new stem cell therapy actually repairs the damaged muscle in the heart and has the potential of curing the disease.The ejection fraction rate of the patients with stem cell injections decreased.A:Right B:Wrong C:Not mentioned
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Stem Cell Therapy May Help Repair the HeartAccording to scientists in the USA,stem cell therapy may one day be able to repair the hearts of people with heart failure.Researchers at Pittsburgh University School of Medicine examined 20 patients who had severe heart failure and were going to have surgery.They injected stem cells into the parts of their hearts that were damaged.They then compared their hearts with those of people who had undergone surgery without having the stem cells injected into them(they had also suffered from severe heart failure).The patients who had had the stem cells injected had hearts that were able to pump（用泵抽运） more blood than the others.According to Professor Robert Kormos,one of the researchers,these results could revolutionize heart treatment.Although previous studies had indicated that there might be a benefit,this is the first study that has actually proved that stem cell therapy can help thefailing heart work better．All the patients in this study had hearts that could not pump blood properly.The scientists measured their ejection fraction（射血分数）.This is a measure of heart performance;you measure how much blood is being pumped out by the left ventricle（心室）.Healthy people's ejection fraction is about 55%.These patients had ejection fraction ofunder 35%. They all had by-pass surgery（搭桥手术）performed on them. Some of the patients had stem cells taken from their hip bones and injected into 25-30 sites in the damaged heart muscle.Six months later their ejection fraction rate was 46.1%while those who just had surgery but no stem cell injections averaged 37. 2%.No side effects were reported.Heart failure is a common problem all over the world.In the UK alone about 650, 000 people suffer from heart failure every year. As the number of people suffering from heart failure increases in the world in general these findings are particularly significant.Current treatments relieve the symptoms.This new stem cell therapy actually repairs the damaged muscle in the heart and has the potential of curing the disease. The experiment proved to be satisfactory.A:Right B:Wrong C:Not mentioned
考题
We explicitly make allowance for the fact that production
.______when the artist dies, implying that the collectors can be sure that in the future no new similar pieces of art will put pressure on the prices in this specific market segment.A.confines
B.conforms
C.ceases
D.continues
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第一篇Human Heart can Make New CellsSolving a longstanding（为时甚久的）mystery, scientists have found that the human heart continues togenerate new cardiac（心脏的）cells throughout the life span, although the rate of new cell production slows with age.The finding,published in the April 3rd issue of Science,could open a new path for the treatment of heart diseases such as heart failure and heart attack,experts say."We find that the beating cells in the heart, cardiomyocytes（心肌细胞）,are renewed," said lead researcher Dr. Jonas Frisen,a professor of stem cell research at the Karolinska Institute in Stockholm,Sweden."It has previously not been known whether we were limited to the cardiomyocytes we were born with or whether they could be renewed,"he said."The process of renewing these cells changes over time,"Frisen added. In a 20-year-old,about 1percent of cardiomyocytes are exchanged each year , but the turnover（更替）rate decreases with age to only 0.45 percent by age 75."If we can understand how the generation of new cardiomyocytes is regulated,it may be potentially possible to develop pharmaceuticals（药物）that promote this process to stimulate regeneration after , for example,a heart attack,"Frisen said.That could lead to treatment that helps restore damaged hearts."A lot of people suffer from chronic heart failure,."noted co-author Dr. Ratan Bhardwaj,also from the Karolinska Institute."Chronic heart failure arises from heart cells dying," he said."With this finding,scientists are opening the door to potential therapies（疗法）,to having ourselves heal ourselves,"Bhardwaj said."Maybe one could devise a pharmaceutical agent that would make heart cells make new and more cells to overcome the problem they are facing."But barriers remain.According to Bhardwaj,scientists do not yet know how to increase heart cell production to a rate that would replace cells faster than they are dying off,especially in older patients with heart failure.In addition,the number of new cells the heart produces was estimated using healthy hearts一 whether the rate of cell turnover in diseased hearts is the same remains unknown.The human heart stops producing cardiac cells ______.A:when a person becomes oldB:as soon as a person gets sickC:immediately after a person is bornD:once a person dies
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第一篇Human Heart can Make New CellsSolving a longstanding（为时甚久的）mystery, scientists have found that the human heart continues togenerate new cardiac（心脏的）cells throughout the life span, although the rate of new cell production slows with age.The finding,published in the April 3rd issue of Science,could open a new path for the treatment of heart diseases such as heart failure and heart attack,experts say."We find that the beating cells in the heart, cardiomyocytes（心肌细胞）,are renewed," said lead researcher Dr. Jonas Frisen,a professor of stem cell research at the Karolinska Institute in Stockholm,Sweden."It has previously not been known whether we were limited to the cardiomyocytes we were born with or whether they could be renewed,"he said."The process of renewing these cells changes over time,"Frisen added. In a 20-year-old,about 1percent of cardiomyocytes are exchanged each year , but the turnover（更替）rate decreases with age to only 0.45 percent by age 75."If we can understand how the generation of new cardiomyocytes is regulated,it may be potentially possible to develop pharmaceuticals（药物）that promote this process to stimulate regeneration after , for example,a heart attack,"Frisen said.That could lead to treatment that helps restore damaged hearts."A lot of people suffer from chronic heart failure,."noted co-author Dr. Ratan Bhardwaj,also from the Karolinska Institute."Chronic heart failure arises from heart cells dying," he said."With this finding,scientists are opening the door to potential therapies（疗法）,to having ourselves heal ourselves,"Bhardwaj said."Maybe one could devise a pharmaceutical agent that would make heart cells make new and more cells to overcome the problem they are facing."But barriers remain.According to Bhardwaj,scientists do not yet know how to increase heart cell production to a rate that would replace cells faster than they are dying off,especially in older patients with heart failure.In addition,the number of new cells the heart produces was estimated using healthy hearts一 whether the rate of cell turnover in diseased hearts is the same remains unknown.Chronic heart failure is attributed to _________.A:the dying heart cellsB:the effect of pharmaceuticalsC:the weight of the patientD:the life span of a person
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第三篇Genetic EngineeringGenetic engineering began when the DNA molecule（分子）,the most basic unit of life, was first described in 1953 by James Watson and Francis Crick.An understanding of DNA led to the altering of normal cell reproduction.Experiments with altering human cells began in 1970.In one of the first experiments,patients were injected with a virus that would produce a life-saving enzyme,but their bodies would not accept it.In 1980 patients with a rare but fatal blood disease were injected with a purified gene that was cloned through DNA technology.Another failure.Genetic engineering got a legal boost（激励）in 1980. The U. S. Supreme Court said that a patent could be granted on a genetically engineered " oil-eating" bacterium（细菌）.This bacterium would help clean up oil spills.The ruling encouraged companies to invent new life forms,and three important medical products were quickly developed.1.Human interferon（干扰素）一a possible solution to some cancers and viral diseases. A newly engineered bacterium produced human interferon as a by-product. This new product reduced the cost of interferon.2. Human growth hormone（荷尔蒙）一for children whose bodies do not grow to normal height. An expensive growth hormone was previously produced from human cadavers,but by changing the genetic make-up of the single-cell bacterium E.coli,and affordable growth hormone could be produced.3. Human insulin (胰岛素）一for the treatment of diabetes. People with diabetes used to rely on a beef-or-pork-basedproduct until 1982.Now insulin can be manufactured by genetically altered bacteria.Advances in genetic engineering have continued,though they constantly must be weighed against the safety of procedures.There is clearly much more to discover.This passage is mainly about__________.A:the effects of altering cellsB:the human growth hormoneC:insulin resistanceD:U.S.Supreme Court rulings
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第一篇Human Heart can Make New CellsSolving a longstanding（为时甚久的）mystery, scientists have found that the human heart continues togenerate new cardiac（心脏的）cells throughout the life span, although the rate of new cell production slows with age.The finding,published in the April 3rd issue of Science,could open a new path for the treatment of heart diseases such as heart failure and heart attack,experts say."We find that the beating cells in the heart, cardiomyocytes（心肌细胞）,are renewed," said lead researcher Dr. Jonas Frisen,a professor of stem cell research at the Karolinska Institute in Stockholm,Sweden."It has previously not been known whether we were limited to the cardiomyocytes we were born with or whether they could be renewed,"he said."The process of renewing these cells changes over time,"Frisen added. In a 20-year-old,about 1percent of cardiomyocytes are exchanged each year , but the turnover（更替）rate decreases with age to only 0.45 percent by age 75."If we can understand how the generation of new cardiomyocytes is regulated,it may be potentially possible to develop pharmaceuticals（药物）that promote this process to stimulate regeneration after , for example,a heart attack,"Frisen said.That could lead to treatment that helps restore damaged hearts."A lot of people suffer from chronic heart failure,."noted co-author Dr. Ratan Bhardwaj,also from the Karolinska Institute."Chronic heart failure arises from heart cells dying," he said."With this finding,scientists are opening the door to potential therapies（疗法）,to having ourselves heal ourselves,"Bhardwaj said."Maybe one could devise a pharmaceutical agent that would make heart cells make new and more cells to overcome the problem they are facing."But barriers remain.According to Bhardwaj,scientists do not yet know how to increase heart cell production to a rate that would replace cells faster than they are dying off,especially in older patients with heart failure.In addition,the number of new cells the heart produces was estimated using healthy hearts一 whether the rate of cell turnover in diseased hearts is the same remains unknown.The finding could prove to be useful to_______.A:the analysis of cardiac cellsB:the prevention of chronic diseasesC:the treatment of heart diseasesD:the study of longstanding mysteries
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第三篇Genetic EngineeringGenetic engineering began when the DNA molecule（分子）,the most basic unit of life, was first described in 1953 by James Watson and Francis Crick.An understanding of DNA led to the altering of normal cell reproduction.Experiments with altering human cells began in 1970.In one of the first experiments,patients were injected with a virus that would produce a life-saving enzyme,but their bodies would not accept it.In 1980 patients with a rare but fatal blood disease were injected with a purified gene that was cloned through DNA technology.Another failure.Genetic engineering got a legal boost（激励）in 1980. The U. S. Supreme Court said that a patent could be granted on a genetically engineered " oil-eating" bacterium（细菌）.This bacterium would help clean up oil spills.The ruling encouraged companies to invent new life forms,and three important medical products were quickly developed.1.Human interferon（干扰素）一a possible solution to some cancers and viral diseases. A newly engineered bacterium produced human interferon as a by-product. This new product reduced the cost of interferon.2. Human growth hormone（荷尔蒙）一for children whose bodies do not grow to normal height. An expensive growth hormone was previously produced from human cadavers,but by changing the genetic make-up of the single-cell bacterium E.coli,and affordable growth hormone could be produced.3. Human insulin (胰岛素）一for the treatment of diabetes. People with diabetes used to rely on a beef-or-pork-basedproduct until 1982.Now insulin can be manufactured by genetically altered bacteria.Advances in genetic engineering have continued,though they constantly must be weighed against the safety of procedures.There is clearly much more to discover.Genetic engineering may be defined as_________.A:the altering of normal cell reproductionB:a branch of applied chemistryC:a procedure that holds little promiseD:a study on life-saving enzymes
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第一篇Human Heart can Make New CellsSolving a longstanding（为时甚久的）mystery, scientists have found that the human heart continues togenerate new cardiac（心脏的）cells throughout the life span, although the rate of new cell production slows with age.The finding,published in the April 3rd issue of Science,could open a new path for the treatment of heart diseases such as heart failure and heart attack,experts say."We find that the beating cells in the heart, cardiomyocytes（心肌细胞）,are renewed," said lead researcher Dr. Jonas Frisen,a professor of stem cell research at the Karolinska Institute in Stockholm,Sweden."It has previously not been known whether we were limited to the cardiomyocytes we were born with or whether they could be renewed,"he said."The process of renewing these cells changes over time,"Frisen added. In a 20-year-old,about 1percent of cardiomyocytes are exchanged each year , but the turnover（更替）rate decreases with age to only 0.45 percent by age 75."If we can understand how the generation of new cardiomyocytes is regulated,it may be potentially possible to develop pharmaceuticals（药物）that promote this process to stimulate regeneration after , for example,a heart attack,"Frisen said.That could lead to treatment that helps restore damaged hearts."A lot of people suffer from chronic heart failure,."noted co-author Dr. Ratan Bhardwaj,also from the Karolinska Institute."Chronic heart failure arises from heart cells dying," he said."With this finding,scientists are opening the door to potential therapies（疗法）,to having ourselves heal ourselves,"Bhardwaj said."Maybe one could devise a pharmaceutical agent that would make heart cells make new and more cells to overcome the problem they are facing."But barriers remain.According to Bhardwaj,scientists do not yet know how to increase heart cell production to a rate that would replace cells faster than they are dying off,especially in older patients with heart failure.In addition,the number of new cells the heart produces was estimated using healthy hearts一 whether the rate of cell turnover in diseased hearts is the same remains unknown.In people in their mid-70s,only 0.45 percent of cardiomyocytes______.A:are still functionalB:are reduced each yearC:are replaced each yearD:are damaged each year
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Unlocking the Human Genome（基因组）1 A project to unlock secrets一what scientist could resist that challenge?This is what many scientists are doing as they work on the Human Genome Project.The aim of the project is to decode（破译）all of the some 100,000 genes in the human body. Scientists are using DNA fingerprinting techniques to do the decoding.2 DNA is the substance found in the chromosomes（染色体）of a cell. A chromosome is a chain of genes.Each gene carries a piece of genetic information.At any one moment in a cell, thousands of genes are turned on and off to produce proteins（蛋白质）.The challenge for scientists is to find out what role each gene plays in protein production.At some point this decoding will be complete.Then scientists will have a map of an ideal genome,or a picture of the total genetic nature of a human being.The ideal genome is called a consensus（交感）genome. Everything works well in a consensus genome.3 But no one in the world has a consensus genome.Everyone's genome is different from the ideal. These differences are referred to as genetic mutations（突变）.Genetic mutations in a person's genome mean that the person has a greater than average chance of suffering from health problems.Some problems are not life-threatening.These would include things like colorblindness,or mild headaches.Other problems are serious,such as heart disease,or cancer.4 It will take years to identify the role of each of the 100,000 genes.The short-term goal of the project is to find the physical and mental health problems a person is likely to encounter during his or her lifetime.The long-term goal is to have each person live a longer,healthier life.The Human Genome Project is trying to map all_________that make us human.A:that person's healthB:a scientific answerC:scientific researchersD:the genesE:the functionF:the size
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Unlocking the Human Genome（基因组）1 A project to unlock secrets一what scientist could resist that challenge?This is what many scientists are doing as they work on the Human Genome Project.The aim of the project is to decode（破译）all of the some 100,000 genes in the human body. Scientists are using DNA fingerprinting techniques to do the decoding.2 DNA is the substance found in the chromosomes（染色体）of a cell. A chromosome is a chain of genes.Each gene carries a piece of genetic information.At any one moment in a cell, thousands of genes are turned on and off to produce proteins（蛋白质）.The challenge for scientists is to find out what role each gene plays in protein production.At some point this decoding will be complete.Then scientists will have a map of an ideal genome,or a picture of the total genetic nature of a human being.The ideal genome is called a consensus（交感）genome. Everything works well in a consensus genome.3 But no one in the world has a consensus genome.Everyone's genome is different from the ideal. These differences are referred to as genetic mutations（突变）.Genetic mutations in a person's genome mean that the person has a greater than average chance of suffering from health problems.Some problems are not life-threatening.These would include things like colorblindness,or mild headaches.Other problems are serious,such as heart disease,or cancer.4 It will take years to identify the role of each of the 100,000 genes.The short-term goal of the project is to find the physical and mental health problems a person is likely to encounter during his or her lifetime.The long-term goal is to have each person live a longer,healthier life.Decoding the human genome is a challenge to_________.A:that person's healthB:a scientific answerC:scientific researchersD:the genesE:the functionF:the size
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根据以下材料，回答题
People have smoked cigarettes for a longtime now. The tobacco which is used to make cigarettes was first grown in whatis now part of the United States. Christopher Columbus, who discovered America,saw the Indians smoking. Soon the dried leaves were transported to Europe. In thelate 1800s, the Turks made cigarettes popular.
Cigarette smoke contains at least twoharmful substances, tar and nicotine. Tar, which forms as the tobacco burns,damages the lungs and therefore affects breathing. Nicotine, which is found inthe leaves, causes the heart to beat faster and increases the breathing rate.Nicotine in large can kill a person by stopping a person′s breathing muscles.Smokers usually take in small amounts that the body can quickly break down.
Nicotine can make new smokers feel dizzy (头晕) or sick to theirstomachs. The heart rate for young smokers increases 2 to 3 beats per minute.Nicotine also lowers skin temperature and reduces blood flow in the legs andfeet. It plays an important role in increasing smokers′ risk of heart disease andstroke.
Smoking cigarettes is dangerous. Cigarettesmoking was the cause of lung cancer and several other deadly diseases.
The following effects are caused byNicotine EXCEPT that ______.查看材料A.it can make new smokers feel dizzy orsick to their stomachs
B.it lowers skin temperature
C.it causes the heart to beat less fast
D.nicotine will probably kill a person if asmoker takes in too much of it.
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第一篇The Mystery of ClonesScientists have cloned goats,cats,cows,pigs and mice.Now it has been suggested by many commentators and scientists that it might be ethically acceptable to clone existing people in certain cases.One possibility is generating a replacement for a dying relative.All such possibilities,however,makes more and more people concerned that it would be possible that the clone is subjected to expectations and limitations based on the family's knowledge of the genetic"twin",so he or she would not be treated as an individual with independent personality.For the reason that human personality is only partly determined by genes,those assumptions might not be right.The clone of a shy person might behave quite differently if he or she is brought up in a family with encouraging atmosphere.Clones of writers,scholars,scientists or athletes are very likely to choose different careers because of chance event in early life.Some researchers have suggested the idea that couples,in which one part is infertile,might choose to make a copy of one or the other partner. But the notion raises the concerns that the child who is a copy of just one of a couple might not treat naturally,and it is not in the interests of the resulting kid.Moreover,the treatments of all known types of infertility are available nowadays;conventional therapies seem more ethnically acceptable to ordinary people's way of thinking,so the majority of population strongly opposed to allowing cloned human embryos（胚胎）to develop.However,the positive side of the cloning technology cannot be denied,for instance,cloning from cultured cells will provide essential medical opportunities.Scientists are trying to grow an embryo,cloned from a single cell of a human being with goals to design therapies for diseases which are currently untreatable.Of course,people's predictions about this new technology might be all wrong,because social attitudes change and unexpected developments take place.Only time will tell.But biomedical researchers who are dedicated to finding the potential of cloning have plenty to do.Maybe someday soon,a human will be cloned,and mankind will embark on a scientific and moral journey whose destination is not under his own control. Or maybe one day you will be happy to have a clone of your own.Which of the following uses of cloning is justifiable,according to the passage?A:To have a clone of one's own.B:To replace a dying relative.C:To help infertile couples to have a child.D:To cure currently untreatable diseases.
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第一篇The Mystery of ClonesScientists have cloned goats,cats,cows,pigs and mice.Now it has been suggested by many commentators and scientists that it might be ethically acceptable to clone existing people in certain cases.One possibility is generating a replacement for a dying relative.All such possibilities,however,makes more and more people concerned that it would be possible that the clone is subjected to expectations and limitations based on the family's knowledge of the genetic"twin",so he or she would not be treated as an individual with independent personality.For the reason that human personality is only partly determined by genes,those assumptions might not be right.The clone of a shy person might behave quite differently if he or she is brought up in a family with encouraging atmosphere.Clones of writers,scholars,scientists or athletes are very likely to choose different careers because of chance event in early life.Some researchers have suggested the idea that couples,in which one part is infertile,might choose to make a copy of one or the other partner. But the notion raises the concerns that the child who is a copy of just one of a couple might not treat naturally,and it is not in the interests of the resulting kid.Moreover,the treatments of all known types of infertility are available nowadays;conventional therapies seem more ethnically acceptable to ordinary people's way of thinking,so the majority of population strongly opposed to allowing cloned human embryos（胚胎）to develop.However,the positive side of the cloning technology cannot be denied,for instance,cloning from cultured cells will provide essential medical opportunities.Scientists are trying to grow an embryo,cloned from a single cell of a human being with goals to design therapies for diseases which are currently untreatable.Of course,people's predictions about this new technology might be all wrong,because social attitudes change and unexpected developments take place.Only time will tell.But biomedical researchers who are dedicated to finding the potential of cloning have plenty to do.Maybe someday soon,a human will be cloned,and mankind will embark on a scientific and moral journey whose destination is not under his own control. Or maybe one day you will be happy to have a clone of your own.It can be inferred from the text that_______.A:no one can tell the future of the cloning technologyB:it would be common for a clone to make appearance on magazinesC:a clone will have same personalities with the person he/she is created fromD:a clone will choose the same career as the person he/she is created from
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