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名词解释题
Neighbourhood
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3 Local neighbourhood shops are finding it increasingly difficult to compete with supermarkets. However, three yearsago, the Perfect Shopper franchise group was launched that allowed these neighbourhood shops to join the groupand achieve cost savings on tinned and packaged goods, particularly groceries. Perfect Shopper purchases brandedgoods in bulk from established food suppliers and stores them in large purpose-built warehouses, each designed toserve a geographical region. When Perfect Shopper was established it decided that deliveries to these warehousesshould be made by the food suppliers or by haulage contractors working on behalf of these suppliers. Perfect Shopperplaces orders with these suppliers and the supplier arranges the delivery to the warehouse. These arrangements arestill in place. Perfect Shopper has no branded goods of its own.Facilities are available in each warehouse to re-package goods into smaller units, more suitable for the requirementsof the neighbourhood shop. These smaller units, typically containing 50–100 tins or packs, are usually small trays,sealed with strong transparent polythene. Perfect Shopper delivers these to its neighbourhood shops using specialisthaulage contractors local to the regional warehouse. Perfect Shopper has negotiated significant discounts withsuppliers, part of which it passes on to its franchisees. A recent survey in a national grocery magazine showed thatfranchisees saved an average of 10% on the prices they would have paid if they had purchased the products directlyfrom the manufacturer or from an intermediary – such as cash and carry wholesalers.As well as offering savings due to bulk buying, Perfect Shopper also provides, as part of its franchise:(i) Personalised promotional material. This usually covers specific promotions and is distributed locally, either usingspecialist leaflet distributors or loosely inserted into local free papers or magazines.(ii) Specialised signage for the shops to suggest the image of a national chain. The signs include the Perfect Shopperslogan ‘the nation’s local’.(iii) Specialist in-store display units for certain goods, again branded with the Perfect Shopper logo.Perfect Shopper does not provide all of the goods required by a neighbourhood shop. Consequently, it is not anexclusive franchise. Franchisees agree to purchase specific products through Perfect Shopper, but other goods, suchas vegetables, fruit, stationery and newspapers they source from elsewhere. Deliveries are made every two weeks tofranchisees using a standing order for products agreed between the franchisee and their Perfect Shopper salesrepresentative at a meeting they hold every three months. Variations to this order can be made by telephone, but onlyif the order is increased. Downward variations are not allowed. Franchisees cannot reduce their standing orderrequirements until the next meeting with their representative.Perfect Shopper was initially very successful, but its success has been questioned by a recent independent report thatshowed increasing discontent amongst franchisees. The following issues were documented.(i) The need to continually review prices to compete with supermarkets(ii) Low brand recognition of Perfect Shopper(iii) Inflexible ordering and delivery system based around forecasts and restricted ability to vary orders (see above)As a result of this survey, Perfect Shopper has decided to review its business model. Part of this review is to reexaminethe supply chain, to see if there are opportunities for addressing some of its problems.Required:(a) Describe the primary activities of the value chain of Perfect Shopper. (5 marks)
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第二节：完形填空（共20小题；每小题1.5分，满分30分）阅读下面短文，掌握其大意，然后从16-35各题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出最佳选项。The first time I remember noticing the crossing guard was when he waved to me as I drove my son to school. He 16 me with a puzzle ---- all because he waved to me like someone does17 seeing a close friend. A big, 18 smile accompanied his wave. For the next few days I tried to19 his face to see if I knew him. I didn’t. Perhaps he had 20 me for someone else. By the time I contented myself with the 21 that he and I were strangers; we were greeting each other warmly every morning like old friends.Then one day the22 was solved. As I 23 the school he was standing in the middle of the road24 his stop sign. I was in live behind four cars.25 the kids had reached the safety of the sidewalk; he lowered his sign and let the cars 26. To the first he waved and27 in just the same way he had done to me over the last few days. The kids already had the window down and were happily waving their reply. The second car got the same 28 from the crossing guard, and the driver, a stiff-looking(表情刻板的) businessman, gave a brief, almost29 wave back. Each following car of kids on their way to school 30 more heartily.Every morning I continued to watch the man with 31. So far I haven’t seen anyone32 to wave back. I find it interesting that one person can make such a(n)33 to so many people’s lives by doing one simple thing like waving and smiling warmly. His34 armed the start of my day. With a friendly wave and smiling face he had changed the35 of the whole neighbourhood.16.____________A. hit B. disappointed C. presented D. bored
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Text 4"I like money and nice things,but it's not money that makes me happy.It's people,"says one woman in a World Bank survey.She's not alone:research has found that social integration is more important for well-being than income,and also decreases poverty.Loneliness,conversely,can be deadly:one study found it did more damage to health than smoking.This week,policymakers from 40 countries met in Colombia to ponder ways to measure deprivation that take account of more than just income,including isolation.Several Latin American countries are devising or have already adopted such"multi-dimensional"measures of poverty.Income can be a misleading measure of need because poor people end up living in different degrees of hardship depending on their intangible resources.Having strong social bonds eases financial deprivation.Friends and relatives can lend money,pool risk,mind children and bring news ofjob openings.Researchers from the London School of Economics found that when a group of Bangladeshi women were given business training and free livestock,not only djd they move up the income ladder,but their friends'lot improved too.A year later the friends'consumption had risen by almost 20%,and they claimed to have become sawier about business as well.The downside is that not having the right friends can deepen hardship.The more concentrated the poverty,the less helpful social networks tend to be.In Atlanta,living in a poor neighbourhood decreases the chance of having a friend with a job by almost 60%,and of having a friend who had been to university by over a third.A global survey conducted in 2014 by a polling firm,found that 30%of people in the poorest flfth of their country's population had nobody to rely on in times of need,compared t0 16%of the richest fifih.It is doubly unfortunate,then,that poor people are often socially excluded precisely because they are poor.Chileans and Venezuelans see poverty as a bigger cause of discrimination than gender or ethnicity,according to researchers from Oxford University.Several countries have experienced with schemes that connect lonely old people and deprived youth.Germany,for instance,has built"multi-generational"community centres where older visitors get computer coaching from teenagers.With luck,these connections will help:one American study found that in poor neighbourhoods,three-quarters ofjobholders found work through friends.Perhaps Gennany's centres will furnish income as well as company.39.German"multi-generational"community aims toA.reconnect old people and young men.
B.help poor people find jobs after training.
C.offer company to lonely old people.
D.provide job opportunities to poor people.
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Text 4"I like money and nice things,but it's not money that makes me happy.It's people,"says one woman in a World Bank survey.She's not alone:research has found that social integration is more important for well-being than income,and also decreases poverty.Loneliness,conversely,can be deadly:one study found it did more damage to health than smoking.This week,policymakers from 40 countries met in Colombia to ponder ways to measure deprivation that take account of more than just income,including isolation.Several Latin American countries are devising or have already adopted such"multi-dimensional"measures of poverty.Income can be a misleading measure of need because poor people end up living in different degrees of hardship depending on their intangible resources.Having strong social bonds eases financial deprivation.Friends and relatives can lend money,pool risk,mind children and bring news ofjob openings.Researchers from the London School of Economics found that when a group of Bangladeshi women were given business training and free livestock,not only djd they move up the income ladder,but their friends'lot improved too.A year later the friends'consumption had risen by almost 20%,and they claimed to have become sawier about business as well.The downside is that not having the right friends can deepen hardship.The more concentrated the poverty,the less helpful social networks tend to be.In Atlanta,living in a poor neighbourhood decreases the chance of having a friend with a job by almost 60%,and of having a friend who had been to university by over a third.A global survey conducted in 2014 by a polling firm,found that 30%of people in the poorest flfth of their country's population had nobody to rely on in times of need,compared t0 16%of the richest fifih.It is doubly unfortunate,then,that poor people are often socially excluded precisely because they are poor.Chileans and Venezuelans see poverty as a bigger cause of discrimination than gender or ethnicity,according to researchers from Oxford University.Several countries have experienced with schemes that connect lonely old people and deprived youth.Germany,for instance,has built"multi-generational"community centres where older visitors get computer coaching from teenagers.With luck,these connections will help:one American study found that in poor neighbourhoods,three-quarters ofjobholders found work through friends.Perhaps Gennany's centres will furnish income as well as company.40.Which ofthe following would be the best title for the text?A.Poor Neighbourhood Will Lead to Poverty ofNext Generation
B.Having Strong Social Bonds Eases Financial Deprivation
C.Income Will Block Social Mobility ofPoor People
D.Get Rid of Social Discrimination to Low-Income People
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In World War II the factory was heavily bombed and rebuilt afierwards.Bankruptcy forced the factory to close its doors in 1980.After years of 1,large parts of the factory had become ruined and run 2,An unsafe,abandoned place,with widespread vandalism the factory soon 3 into a source of nuisance to the local 4.The project aims to reconvert the old textile factory into a city park.This reconversion is part of a mixed-use development urban renewal project 5 by Sogent,the urban development company of Ghent.Surrounded,as it is,by a 6 0f functions and users,the park is under a lot of outside pressure.The aim was to create a diversified park which could 7 this pressure and stimulate a 8 community life for the neighbourhood.The design briefproved a simultaneous exercise in creating a site with plenty of flow,9 preserving walls and constructions and maintaining a l0,workable zoning of the park's functions.The orthogonal plan ofthe old textile factory is 11 as a basic template for a zoning ofthe park.New,organic green spaces and a paths network 12 with what remains ofthis underlying structure.By preserving some historical marks,the park becomes an"architectural 13".On another level,the integration of portraits of former employees in the factory（central gangway）,14 a social dimension to the historical one already present in the park's design.On the whole,new meaning and new life are 15 by the bringing together of past and present.The walls and structures become the historical placemat for the development of new activities.16 the diversified park was 17 there has been a revival of activity in the neighbourhood.The reconversion has positive 18 0n the buildings and quarters around the park.Thanks to the public participation sessions,locals have felt very 19 with the project.The park is now being used 20 across the generations（senior citizens,families,children）,becoming,much like it used to be,the meeting place for the neighbourhood.5选？A.distributed
B.commissioned
C.trusted
D.obliged
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A Letter from AlanI have learnt of a plan to build three hundred houses on the land called Parson's Place by the football ground .Few people know about this new plan to increase the size of our town.For me,Parson's Place is special because it is a beautiful natural area where local people can relax-the small wood has many unusual trees and the stream is popular with fishermen and bird-watchers'It's very quiet because there are few houses or roads nearby.I think that losing this area will be terrible because we have no other similar facilities in the neighbourhood.I am also against this plan because it will cause traffic problems.How will the people from the new houses travel to work?The motorway and the railway station are on the other side of town.Therefore,these people will have to drive through the town centre every time they go anywhere.The roads will always be full of traffic,there will be nowhere to park and the tourists who come to see our lovely old buildings will leave .Shops and hotels will lose business.If the town really needs more homes,the empty ground beside the railway station is a more suitable place.No doubt the builders will make a lot of money by selling these houses.But,in my opinion, the average person will quickly be made poorer by this plan.As well as this,we will lose a very special place and our town will be much less pleasant.I am going to the local government offices on Monday morning to protest about this plan and I hope that your readers will join me there.We must make them stop this plan before it is too late. Alan says that ordinary people who live in the town will probably soon______.A: be able to buy new housesB: choose to live near the stationC: open new shops and hotelsD: have less money
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A Letter from AlanI have learnt of a plan to build three hundred houses on the land called Parson's Place by the football ground .Few people know about this new plan to increase the size of our town.For me,Parson's Place is special because it is a beautiful natural area where local people can relax-the small wood has many unusual trees and the stream is popular with fishermen and bird-watchers'It's very quiet because there are few houses or roads nearby.I think that losing this area will be terrible because we have no other similar facilities in the neighbourhood.I am also against this plan because it will cause traffic problems.How will the people from the new houses travel to work?The motorway and the railway station are on the other side of town.Therefore,these people will have to drive through the town centre every time they go anywhere.The roads will always be full of traffic,there will be nowhere to park and the tourists who come to see our lovely old buildings will leave .Shops and hotels will lose business.If the town really needs more homes,the empty ground beside the railway station is a more suitable place.No doubt the builders will make a lot of money by selling these houses.But,in my opinion, the average person will quickly be made poorer by this plan.As well as this,we will lose a very special place and our town will be much less pleasant.I am going to the local government offices on Monday morning to protest about this plan and I hope that your readers will join me there.We must make them stop this plan before it is too late. Which of these posters has Alan made?A: SAVE OUR SPORTh GROUNDB: SAY NO TO HOUSES ON PARSON'S PLACEC: WE NEED HOMES NOT HOTELSD: USE THE TRAIN NOT THE ROAD
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共用题干
A Letter from AlanI have learnt of a plan to build three hundred houses on the land called Parson's Place by the football ground .Few people know about this new plan to increase the size of our town.For me,Parson's Place is special because it is a beautiful natural area where local people can relax-the small wood has many unusual trees and the stream is popular with fishermen and bird-watchers'It's very quiet because there are few houses or roads nearby.I think that losing this area will be terrible because we have no other similar facilities in the neighbourhood.I am also against this plan because it will cause traffic problems.How will the people from the new houses travel to work?The motorway and the railway station are on the other side of town.Therefore,these people will have to drive through the town centre every time they go anywhere.The roads will always be full of traffic,there will be nowhere to park and the tourists who come to see our lovely old buildings will leave .Shops and hotels will lose business.If the town really needs more homes,the empty ground beside the railway station is a more suitable place.No doubt the builders will make a lot of money by selling these houses.But,in my opinion, the average person will quickly be made poorer by this plan.As well as this,we will lose a very special place and our town will be much less pleasant.I am going to the local government offices on Monday morning to protest about this plan and I hope that your readers will join me there.We must make them stop this plan before it is too late. In Alan's opinion,why is Parson's Place particularly important?A: Because there's a football ground nearby.B: Because lots of people live near it.C: Because it is a place near the town where people can enjoy nature.D: Because local people can get there easily by car from the town.
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问答题There is one passage in this section with 5 statements. Read the passage quickly and answer the questions on the Answer Sheet. [1] For some people it is extreme education: 10-hour days, contracts with parents and very strict rules on behaviour in small, 200-pupil academies. The result in a new type of school in the US is 100% acceptance to college, test results as good as those in private schools, and teenagers from New York’s South Bronx district who play the viola like their neighbours in Manhattan. [2] James Verrilh, principal of the North Star Academy in Newark, America’s second poorest city, said: “These kids know drugs. These kids know crime and violence. Their fathers are in jail. We have a school culture here which is very different from the attitude they have when they first walk through the door. It’s a culture that tells them they can go to college.” [3] At the North Star Academy children like Charism and Queen-Ama smile politely as they shake your hand and welcome you in. About 85% of pupils are African-American and 90% get free school meals. Last year 80% got ‘proficient or advanced’ grades in maths, compared with just 28% in the local neighbourhood school. This was above the state average. Pupils work in silence with a professionalism they have learned during a three-day process. From the beginning pupils are taught to speak clearly, answer questions in full sentences and look the teacher in the eye. [4] Parents have to sign a three-way contract with their child and the principal, and must promise to participate themselves. When a child’s homework isn’t handed in by 8 am, there is a phone call home. When the parent doesn’t turn up for a meeting, their child is not allowed back into school until they turn up. There are signs saying ‘No excuses’ on the walls.‘I was working until 11 last night. I’m tired, but I know I’ve got to work,’ says one 11-year-old, as she finishes up her homework over breakfast. ‘Even my mother’s gone back to school since I’ve been here.’ Pupils are tested every six weeks and their results are examined carefully. [5] ‘As a principal of a small school, I know how every child is progressing and how they are behaving,’ says Mr. Verrilh. He also sits in on classes himself, observing the students and writing notes for the teachers. [6] North Star and other small schools like it have developed from the charter school movement in the US. The 3,500 charter schools are independent schools, funded by the state, and allowed more freedom to set policies, including their admissions procedures. North Star runs a lottery for admissions and has 1,800 children on the waiting list. Parents have to put their child’s name into the lottery; three times more girls apply than boys. [7] Mr. Verrilli strongly rejects the idea that his students might not be the ones most in need. ‘It’s quite wrong to say that parents from disadvantaged backgrounds don’t care about their kids’ education. Ninety five percent of parents just want a better education for their children. We’re not taking the best kids. I’m defensive about that. It’s something a lot of people say. How hard is it to put your child’s name down on a piece of paper?’ he said. [8] Every child who attends the Kipp (Knowledge is Power Programme) academy in south Bronx, New York, plays in its orchestra, the best school orchestra in New York. Every child can read music. Shirley Lee, a director of the Kipp academy in the Bronx, says the school works because there is a consistent structure throughout the school. ‘The truth and reality is that kids like structure,’ she said. ‘It’s about telling them what’s appropriate and them learning when to use it. I wouldn’t talk to you like I am now if I was out in some of these areas. But if we teach them to look in my eyes when I’m speaking to them, they will use that if they get stopped by the police and that will protect them.’ [9] In the UK, there is a growing political debate about the differences in academic achievement between rich and poor in schools in big cities. A recent report highlighted the growing gap in achievement and the government is trying to deal with this problem. Three London academies are experimenting with small school principles and last week a group of British teachers in training visited the US looking for methods they could use to deal with the problems of ‘complex urban education’. [10] Ark, a UK educational charity, is taking key components of the small school model into London academies. Lucy Heller, managing director of Ark, says: ‘It’s small schools, strict rules on behaviour and a firm belief that inner city children can be just as successful.’ The UK schools minister says small schools can teach disadvantaged children the skills that middle class children take for granted: ‘High ambition, zero tolerance of failure, an expectation that children will go to university and that schools will give them the education to go to university.’ [11] Ark is also helping to fund the 30 ‘Future Leaders’ group on the school leadership training scheme visiting the US. The trainees are expected to take some of the ideas they experience in the US back home to the UK. Many of them think it will be difficult to transfer the model to the UK, however. They talk about the fact that most of the US schools are middle schools, for 10 - 14 year-olds. The model has been tested less in the secondary school age group (11 - 18). They also ask where the money to fund smaller schools will come from, though others point out the fact that in the US facilities are basic. ‘They don’t even have interactive whiteboards,’ says one of the group’s mentors. ‘They just teach. Small schools might not be practical in the UK, but what I really want these new school leaders to take back is the sense of culture in these schools.’ QUESTIONS 1 - 5: For answers 1 - 5, mark Y (for YES) if the statement agrees with the information given in the passage; N (for NO) if the statement contradicts the information given in the passage; NG(for NOT GIVEN) if the information is not given in the passage. 1．Newark is the poorest city in the US. 2．Pupils at the North Star Academy are better at maths than kids in the local neighborhood school. 3．If a pupil doesn’t hand in their homework by 8 am, the school calls their parents. 4．Mr. Verrilli graduated from Harvard University in 1989. 5．The UK is planning to start academies like the US schools.
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