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名词解释题
大流行（pandemic）
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There are both challenges and opportunities brought about by COVID－19 pandemic.()
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E－commence in Singapore will continue to grow at a rate of 19 per cent even if the pandemic ends.()
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What step is essential to the traditional production of flu vaccine?[A] Manufacturers implant the vaccine into ordered chicken eggs.[B] Scientists identify the exact strain soon after a flu pandemic starts.[C] Public health measures are taken as an important pandemic-fighting tool.[D] Viruses are deadened and made clean before being put into vaccine use.
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Pandemic（大面积流行的）H1N1 2009The most active areas of pandemic influenza transmission currently are in central and eastern Europe. Focal（集中的）increases in rates during recent weeks were _________( 5 1 ) in at least two eastern Europeancountries. A high intensity of respiratory（呼吸的）disease activity with concurrent（同时存在的）circulation of pandemic influenza still_________(52)in parts of southern and eastern Europe,_________(53)in Greece, Poland,and Ukraine.In Western Europe,influenza transmission remains_________(54)and widespread,but overall disease activity has peaked. All influenza viruses in Western Europe were pandemic H1N1 2009._________(55),very small numbers of seasonal influenza viruses covering less than 1%of all influenza viruses found,were reported in Russia. In_________(56),limited available data indicate that active,high intensity transmission is occurring in Northern African countries_________(57)the Mediterranean coast.In Central Asia,limited data_________(58)that influenza virus circulation remains active,but transmis-sion may have recently peaked in some places.In West Asia,Israel,Iran,and Iraq also appear to have passed their_________(59)period of transmission within the past month though both areas continue to have some active transmission and levels of respiratory disease activity have not yet_________(60)to baseline levels.In East Asia,influenza transmission remains active but appears to be_________(61)overall. Slight increases in ILI were reported in Mongolia after weeks of declining activity following a large peak of activity_________(62)one month ago.In North America,influenza transmission_________(63)widespread but has declined quickly in all countries.In the tropical regions of Central and South America and the Caribbean,influenza transmission re- mains geographically widespread but overall disease_________(64)has been declining or remains unchanged in most parts,_________(65)for focal increases in respiratory disease activity in a few countries._________(56)A: factB:additionC:generalD:total
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问答题Directions:In this section, there is one passage followed by 5 questions. Read the passage carefully, then answer the questions in as few words as possible (not more than 10 words). Remember to write the answers on the Answer Sheet. Questions 1-5 are based on the following passage. Many people today are worried about bird flu. They are afraid that it will pass from birds to humans and that thousands of people will die in a pandemic. In 1918 a flu virus killed about 50 million people around the world. The virus was called Spanish influenza (or Spanish flu, for short) because Spanish newspapers first described the disease. Now, after nine years of work, scientists in an American laboratory in Atlanta, Georgia, have produced a copy of the Spanish flu virus. They are also going to publish the genetic sequence of the virus on the Internet and some experts are afraid that other laboratories could copy the virus. Scientists have copied the virus because they want to understand why the 1918 Spanish flu pandemic killed so many people. In a report in the journal Science, Dr. Jeffery Taubenberger and a team of scientists in the USA show that the copied virus is extremely powerful. The scientists injected the virus into mice and the mice began to lose weight very quickly. They lost 13% of their weight in two days and all of the mice died within six days. “I didn’t expect it to be as lethal as it was,”Dr. Terrence Tumpey, one of the scientists in the team, told the journal Nature. In another experiment, they injected more mice with a normal type of flu. The mice lost weight at first but then they got better and did not die. The experiments showed that the mice with the Spanish flu virus had 39,000 times more flu virus in their bodies than the second group of mice. The scientists who copied the virus say their work has already provided important information about the virus and helps to explain why it is so lethal. But other experts are worried that the virus could escape from the laboratory. “Some people will think that they have really created a biological weapon,” said Professor Ronald Atlas of the University of Louisville in Kentucky. “I am even more worried now than I was before about the possibility of a flu pandemic. The 1918 flu pandemic started with bird flu and that might happen again today with Asian bird flu.” Some scientists are worried about the publication of the genetic sequence on the Internet. They are afraid that biologists could copy the virus using the information on the Internet. This could be very dangerous. It took a long time to copy the virus. Scientists used material taken from the lungs of people who died from the flu virus in 1918. In a second report in Nature, Taubenberger and his colleagues analyzed the genetic make-up of the virus. They were surprised to find that it was completely different from all the normal human flu viruses. This probably means that Spanish flu jumped from birds to humans and did not mix with a human virus first. This is very worrying for scientists because in the past everyone believed that a pandemic was only possible if a bird flu virus mixed with a human flu virus. Taubenberger says it is very important to know what changes in the virus caused the 1918 Spanish flu virus. This will help scientists to work out which viruses might cause a pandemic. The H5N1 bird flu in Asia is already changing and it could infect humans, he said. Viruses have escaped from high-security labs before. The SARS virus escaped at least twice, once in Taiwan and once in Singapore. But some scientists believe a pandemic will not happen even if the virus escapes, because most people are naturally immune and there are now a lot of drugs which protect people from flu. Questions: 1．When was the Spanish flu pandemic? 2．How many people died in the Spanish flu pandemic? 3．Where did the scientists produce a copy of the Spanish flu virus? 4．How quickly did the laboratory mice die? 5．What is H5N1?
考题
填空题寄生虫病流行的三个环节是（）、（）和（）；影响流行的三大因素是（）、（）和（）。
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