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microtubule-associated proteins, MAPs (微管结合蛋白)
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We get energy from the foods we eat.Our food supplies energy to keep our organs working.Our food also supplies heat to warm our bodies.The main energy foods are the carbohydrates (碳水化合物).These are the sugars and starches(淀粉). Wheat and rice are rich in starch and many fruits and vegetables contain considerable amount of sugar. Sweets, honey and jam are also rich in sugar.Like carbohydrates, fats are food that provides us with energy. Butter, margarine, certain types of fish, eggs, cooking oils and most red meats are rich in fats. Fats can be stored in various parts of the body as reserves of energy. Because fats in general are slowly digested, they satisfy hunger for long periods.Proteins (蛋白质) are very complex substances. The body needs proteins for the growth of new cells and for the repair and replacement of old cells. Foods rich in proteins are essential to a balanced diet. Milk, some vegetables, meat, chicken, fish, cheese, grains and nuts are some foods rich in proteins.A good diet will contain a variety of foods so that the body contains all the minerals it needs for good health.Vitamins are necessary for the proper working of the body. If we eat a variety of foods, we can be sure of obtaining all the vitamins we need.Water makes up about 70 per cent of the weight of the human body. The average adult needs about two liters of water daily to replace the water the body loses.1.Of the following substances, which are not used as sources of energy by living things?()A. StarchesB. VitaminsC. ProteinsD. Fats2.If equal weight of the following substances is “burned” in the body,A. carbohydratesB. fatsC. vitaminsD. mineral salts3.A boy grows five centimeters a year.The new materialA. fatsB. vitaminsC. proteinsD.carbohydrates4.Which of the following is not true?()A. If a man weighs 150 pounds, 105 pounds are water.B. Apple, butter and meat are rich in proteins.C. A well-balanced diet contains proteins, fats, minerals and vitamins.D. Biscuits, cake and sweets may provide us with energy.5.People can get all the minerals the body needs by().A. having a balanced dietB. drinking more milkC. eating fruits and vegetablesD. having more fish and eggs
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The discovery that the drugs extend the life span of roundworms could have important implications fox human aging as well. There are strong similarities on the molecular level between the proteins and genes thatA. But Komfeld said scientists will not know about the applicability of the drugs in humans until a similar study is done on humans. “What’s very encouraging is that these drugs were developed to treat humans, and they are well understood, because they’ve been used for a long time, ” he said。B. Later the scientists discovered that two related anticonvulsant drugs also lengthened the lives of the worms-in the case of one drug, by almost 50 percent. “This was a big surprise to use, Komfeld said. ”“We didn’t think anticonvulsant drugs had any particular relationship to aging. That connection was completely unexpected. ”C. Roundworms are a poor subject for experiments, because they are not like humans, even though their molecules are similar. For example, they have no bones, nor do they show emotions, making it difficult to know how exactly human subjects would react to these drugs in large quantities. However, using the worms allows experiments to be conducted quickly, because they do not live for long。D. “Somehow the neural activity seems to regulate the aging of all of the body the skin, musculature, and reproductive tract, ” Kornfeld said. “Somehow the nervous system coordinates the progress of all these tissues, evidently, though the life stages. But we don’t know how it does that. ”E. The discovery may also shed light on the little-understood aging process. Since the drugs act on the neuromuscular systems of both humans and worms, the findings hint at a link between neural activity and aging。F. Unlike vertebrates, the worms are ideal subjects for the study of aging because of their short life spans, which last only a couple of weeks in a laboratory. The worm is well known in genetics, and the worm’s genome has been sequenced。G. Use of this drug has been permitted by law since 1998 and wider use is now expected as a result of the studies. “We can clearly link this drug with human aging, but we still need to find proof, says Kornfeld optimistically. ”
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共用题干
Daisy Williams admits genes play some role in the way she looks,but believes diet is an important factor."It doesn't matter how good the genes are if you don't eat properly and take care of your-self,"she says."If you want to look good,get plenty of rest,exercise every day,eat mostly raw fruits and vegetables and quit worrying."Nowhere do the signs of aging manifest themselves more clearly than in the condition of the skin. When your weight fluctuates（波动）,the skin stretches with each up cycle , but it may not completely shrink back to its original size in the down cycle. As a result,the skin may sag（松弛下垂）.Zinc and vitamin A are important for normal,healthy skin.Zinc helps the skin repair itself, and vitamin A aids in keeping skin supple,preventing dryness and helping shed dead cells.Good sources of zinc are beef,eggs and seafood,while many dark-green leafy vegetables are rich in beta carotene（胡萝卜素）, which the body converts to vitamin A.Vitamin C helps improve the blood supply to the skin and aids in forming collagen（胶原）. Good sources of vitamin C include citrus fruits and juices,cauliflower,snow peas,red and green peppers,broccoli,white and sweet potatoes, tomatoes,watermelon,and honeydew melon.How food is prepared matters too.The longer vegetables cook,the greater the loss of vitamins. Don't soak vegetables when washing them,since water-soluble vitamins such as C will be lost.Good general nutrition is essential to maintaining a healthy,youthful appearance.And the key to good general nutrition is balance.Proteins should make up roughly 10 percent of your daily calorie intake;no more than 30 percent should come from fats;and the remaining calories should come mostly from complex carbohydrates（碳水化合物）.Both genes and diets affects people's look.A:Right B:Wrong C:Not mentioned
考题
资料：What，if anything，do we gain by clinging to our antioxidant supplements？
Very little，according to an accumulating body of research. We don’t need massive doses of antioxidants，we need stress to compel our own bodies to create antioxidants.“Everybody thinks oxidation is bad，and that antioxidants are good，”says Dr.Jones，“That’s bogus. A little bit of poison is good.”
That poison can actually come from plants，especially those that have survived harsh conditions. Foods that have survived harsh conditions make us stronger by stressing our bodies，not because they’re rich in antioxidants.
As the science quarterly Nautilus explains，plants have developed an arsenal of chemicals to help them ward off insects and grazers. These“antifeedants，”when ingested by humans，trigger the body to release proteins and activate genes that “produce antioxidants，enzymes to metabolize toxins，proteins to flush out heavy metals，and factors that enhance tumor suppression.”
Plants prepare your body to handle toxins in the same way as exercise prepares you to race-by stressing your body. And supplements，says Dr.Hooper，interrupt this process.
“These antioxidant supplements are like a Trojan horse，”continues Dr.Hooper. They say，I’m a good guy. You guys go to sleep and while the defense is asleep the antioxidants get rid of any oxidation. It puts the defense-system’s army to sleep.
While Dr.Jones acknowledges the benefits of vitamin E for muscle cramps and macular degeneration，he doesn’t approve the idea that it improves one’s physical performance. He suggests that athletes in intense contact sports such as soccer and football benefit from trauma. “Players have to be hit with pads on Tuesdays and Thursdays in order to compete on Sundays-they need that actual trauma.”he says.
“Everything in our society is geared toward，How can we reduce stress？”adds Dr.Hooper. “When it should be just the opposite. We need stress. Stress is good.
Why is stress good according to Dr.Jones？A.It is good for muscle cramps.
B.It is good for macular degeneration.
C.It goes well with trauma.
D.It makes human body stronger.
考题
资料：What，if anything，do we gain by clinging to our antioxidant supplements？
Very little，according to an accumulating body of research. We don’t need massive doses of antioxidants，we need stress to compel our own bodies to create antioxidants.“Everybody thinks oxidation is bad，and that antioxidants are good，”says Dr.Jones，“That’s bogus. A little bit of poison is good.”
That poison can actually come from plants，especially those that have survived harsh conditions. Foods that have survived harsh conditions make us stronger by stressing our bodies，not because they’re rich in antioxidants.
As the science quarterly Nautilus explains，plants have developed an arsenal of chemicals to help them ward off insects and grazers. These“antifeedants，”when ingested by humans，trigger the body to release proteins and activate genes that “produce antioxidants，enzymes to metabolize toxins，proteins to flush out heavy metals，and factors that enhance tumor suppression.”
Plants prepare your body to handle toxins in the same way as exercise prepares you to race-by stressing your body. And supplements，says Dr.Hooper，interrupt this process.
“These antioxidant supplements are like a Trojan horse，”continues Dr.Hooper. They say，I’m a good guy. You guys go to sleep and while the defense is asleep the antioxidants get rid of any oxidation. It puts the defense-system’s army to sleep.
While Dr.Jones acknowledges the benefits of vitamin E for muscle cramps and macular degeneration，he doesn’t approve the idea that it improves one’s physical performance. He suggests that athletes in intense contact sports such as soccer and football benefit from trauma. “Players have to be hit with pads on Tuesdays and Thursdays in order to compete on Sundays-they need that actual trauma.”he says.
“Everything in our society is geared toward，How can we reduce stress？”adds Dr.Hooper. “When it should be just the opposite. We need stress. Stress is good.
What does the underlined word“bogus”mean？A.reasonable.
B.untrue.
C.terrible.
D.fair.
考题
The research by Blackburn and Greider helps suggest the role ofA money in medical research.
B proteins in cancer treatment.
C hormones in the functioning of life.
D telomerase in the growth of cancer cells.
考题
共用题干
Unlocking the Human Genome（基因组）1 A project to unlock secrets一what scientist could resist that challenge?This is what many scientists are doing as they work on the Human Genome Project.The aim of the project is to decode（破译）all of the some 100,000 genes in the human body. Scientists are using DNA fingerprinting techniques to do the decoding.2 DNA is the substance found in the chromosomes（染色体）of a cell. A chromosome is a chain of genes.Each gene carries a piece of genetic information.At any one moment in a cell, thousands of genes are turned on and off to produce proteins（蛋白质）.The challenge for scientists is to find out what role each gene plays in protein production.At some point this decoding will be complete.Then scientists will have a map of an ideal genome,or a picture of the total genetic nature of a human being.The ideal genome is called a consensus（交感）genome. Everything works well in a consensus genome.3 But no one in the world has a consensus genome.Everyone's genome is different from the ideal. These differences are referred to as genetic mutations（突变）.Genetic mutations in a person's genome mean that the person has a greater than average chance of suffering from health problems.Some problems are not life-threatening.These would include things like colorblindness,or mild headaches.Other problems are serious,such as heart disease,or cancer.4 It will take years to identify the role of each of the 100,000 genes.The short-term goal of the project is to find the physical and mental health problems a person is likely to encounter during his or her lifetime.The long-term goal is to have each person live a longer,healthier life.Genetic mutations in a person's genome may affect_________.A:that person's healthB:a scientific answerC:scientific researchersD:the genesE:the functionF:the size
考题
单选题Based on the information given in the passage, which of the following would be most effective in preventing a person infected with malaria from developing a hemorrhagic fever?A
Surgical removal of the spleenB
A medicine that prevents changes to the surface proteins of red blood cellsC
An effective vaccine against malariaD
A potent pesticide that reliably kills the Anopheles mosquito without producing any negative consequences for the environment or for human healthE
A small infusion of a weaker variant of the Plasmodium protozoan that will then compete with the existing parasitic infection
考题
单选题Although it has not been confirmed such proteins in whole milk are inducing in children under 12 months milk allergies, most pediatricians advise waiting until the child is one year old before introducing whole milk into his or her diet.A
such proteins in whole milk are inducing in children under 12 months milk allergiesB
that under 12 months the proteins in whole milk can induce milk allergries in childrenC
of proteins in whole milk inducing milk allergies in children under 12 monthsD
the proteins in whole milk can induce milk allergies in children under 12 monthsE
that the proteins in whole milk can induce milk allergies in children under 12 months
考题
单选题Incomplete proteins ______.A
have all the essential amino acidsB
are manufactured by the bodyC
can mix with other proteins to form complete proteinsD
can be gained from meat, fish, eggs, and milk
考题
名词解释题外周膜蛋白（peripheral membrane proteins）
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