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Multiple Sclerosis（多发性硬化症）
1 Multiple Sclerosis ( MS) is a disease in which the patient ' s immune（免疫的）system attacks the
central nervous system.This can lead to numerous physical and mental symptoms,as the disease affects the
transmission of electrical signals between the body and the brain.However,the human body,being a flexi-
ble,adaptable system,can compensate for some level of damage,so a person with MS can look and feel fine
even though the disease is present.
2 MS patients can have one of two main varieties of the disease : the relapsing form（复发型）and the
primary progressive form.In the relapsing form,the disease progresses in a series of jumps;at times it is in
remission（减轻）,which means that a person's normal functions return for a period of time before the sys-
tem goes into relapse and the disease again becomes more active.This is the most common form of MS;
80％～90% of people have this form of the disease when they are first diagnosed. The relapse-remission
cycle can continue for many years.Eventually,however,loss of physical and cognitive functions starts to
take place and the remissions become less frequent.
3 In the primary progressive form of MS,there are no remissions and a continual but steady loss of
physical and cognitive functions takes place.This condition affects about 10％～15% of sufferers at
diagnosis.
4 The expected course of the disease,or prognosis（预后）,depends on many variables:the subtype of
the disease,the patient's individual characteristics and the initial symptoms.Life expectancy of patients,
however,is often nearly the same as that of an unaffected person一provided that a reasonable standard of
care is received.In some cases a near-normal life span is possible.
5 The cause of the disease is unclear ; it seems that some people have a genetic susceptibility（易感
性）,which is triggered by some unknown environmental factor. Onset（发作）of the disease usually occurs in
young adults between the age of 20 and 40.It is more common in women than men;however,it has also
been diagnosed in young children and in elderly people.
Multiple Sclerosis（多发性硬化症）
1 Multiple Sclerosis ( MS) is a disease in which the patient ' s immune（免疫的）system attacks the
central nervous system.This can lead to numerous physical and mental symptoms,as the disease affects the
transmission of electrical signals between the body and the brain.However,the human body,being a flexi-
ble,adaptable system,can compensate for some level of damage,so a person with MS can look and feel fine
even though the disease is present.
2 MS patients can have one of two main varieties of the disease : the relapsing form（复发型）and the
primary progressive form.In the relapsing form,the disease progresses in a series of jumps;at times it is in
remission（减轻）,which means that a person's normal functions return for a period of time before the sys-
tem goes into relapse and the disease again becomes more active.This is the most common form of MS;
80％～90% of people have this form of the disease when they are first diagnosed. The relapse-remission
cycle can continue for many years.Eventually,however,loss of physical and cognitive functions starts to
take place and the remissions become less frequent.
3 In the primary progressive form of MS,there are no remissions and a continual but steady loss of
physical and cognitive functions takes place.This condition affects about 10％～15% of sufferers at
diagnosis.
4 The expected course of the disease,or prognosis（预后）,depends on many variables:the subtype of
the disease,the patient's individual characteristics and the initial symptoms.Life expectancy of patients,
however,is often nearly the same as that of an unaffected person一provided that a reasonable standard of
care is received.In some cases a near-normal life span is possible.
5 The cause of the disease is unclear ; it seems that some people have a genetic susceptibility（易感
性）,which is triggered by some unknown environmental factor. Onset（发作）of the disease usually occurs in
young adults between the age of 20 and 40.It is more common in women than men;however,it has also
been diagnosed in young children and in elderly people.
An MS patient can feel fine for years without being affected much by_________.
A:relatives of MS patients
B:the elderly people
C:the disease
D:the primary progressive form
E:the brain
F:life expectancy
A:relatives of MS patients
B:the elderly people
C:the disease
D:the primary progressive form
E:the brain
F:life expectancy
参考答案
参考解析
解析：本段第一句就给出了Multiple Sclerosis的定义，故选E。
第二段主要讲述的是the relapsing form of Multiple Sclerosis（复发型多发性硬化症），包 括其概念、发病特点等，故选B。
第三段主要讲述的是原发进行性多发性硬化症（the primary progressive form of MS）的发 病特点，故选D。
第四段主要讲述了多发性硬化症的发展进程，即预后，故选F。
由文章第一段中“as the disease affects the transmission of electrical signals between the body and the brain”可知，多发性硬化症影响了身体和大脑之间（神经细胞）的电子信号传输， 故选E。
由文章第一段可知，虽然多发性硬化症可能导致身体和大脑之间（神经细胞）的电子信 号传输不畅，但是人体系统以其灵活适应性进行弥补，从而使人们在得了此病的时候还感觉良 好，故选C。
由文章第三段最后一句“This condition affects about 10％～15% of sufferers at diagno- sis.”可知，10％～15％的人被确诊为患原发进行性多发性硬化症，故选D。
由文章的最后一段“Onset of the disease usually occurs in young adults between the age of 20 and 40.”可知，年轻人患多发性硬化症的几率比老年人高，故选B。
第二段主要讲述的是the relapsing form of Multiple Sclerosis（复发型多发性硬化症），包 括其概念、发病特点等，故选B。
第三段主要讲述的是原发进行性多发性硬化症（the primary progressive form of MS）的发 病特点，故选D。
第四段主要讲述了多发性硬化症的发展进程，即预后，故选F。
由文章第一段中“as the disease affects the transmission of electrical signals between the body and the brain”可知，多发性硬化症影响了身体和大脑之间（神经细胞）的电子信号传输， 故选E。
由文章第一段可知，虽然多发性硬化症可能导致身体和大脑之间（神经细胞）的电子信 号传输不畅，但是人体系统以其灵活适应性进行弥补，从而使人们在得了此病的时候还感觉良 好，故选C。
由文章第三段最后一句“This condition affects about 10％～15% of sufferers at diagno- sis.”可知，10％～15％的人被确诊为患原发进行性多发性硬化症，故选D。
由文章的最后一段“Onset of the disease usually occurs in young adults between the age of 20 and 40.”可知，年轻人患多发性硬化症的几率比老年人高，故选B。
更多 “共用题干 Multiple Sclerosis（多发性硬化症）1 Multiple Sclerosis ( MS) is a disease in which the patient ' s immune（免疫的）system attacks the central nervous system.This can lead to numerous physical and mental symptoms,as the disease affects the transmission of electrical signals between the body and the brain.However,the human body,being a flexi-ble,adaptable system,can compensate for some level of damage,so a person with MS can look and feel fine even though the disease is present.2 MS patients can have one of two main varieties of the disease : the relapsing form（复发型）and theprimary progressive form.In the relapsing form,the disease progresses in a series of jumps;at times it is in remission（减轻）,which means that a person's normal functions return for a period of time before the sys-tem goes into relapse and the disease again becomes more active.This is the most common form of MS; 80％～90% of people have this form of the disease when they are first diagnosed. The relapse-remission cycle can continue for many years.Eventually,however,loss of physical and cognitive functions starts to take place and the remissions become less frequent.3 In the primary progressive form of MS,there are no remissions and a continual but steady loss of physical and cognitive functions takes place.This condition affects about 10％～15% of sufferers atdiagnosis.4 The expected course of the disease,or prognosis（预后）,depends on many variables:the subtype of the disease,the patient's individual characteristics and the initial symptoms.Life expectancy of patients, however,is often nearly the same as that of an unaffected person一provided that a reasonable standard of care is received.In some cases a near-normal life span is possible.5 The cause of the disease is unclear ; it seems that some people have a genetic susceptibility（易感 性）,which is triggered by some unknown environmental factor. Onset（发作）of the disease usually occurs in young adults between the age of 20 and 40.It is more common in women than men;however,it has also been diagnosed in young children and in elderly people.An MS patient can feel fine for years without being affected much by_________.A:relatives of MS patientsB:the elderly peopleC:the diseaseD:the primary progressive formE:the brainF:life expectancy” 相关考题
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Promising Results From Cancer StudyA new experimental vaccine（疫苗）has shown promising results in the fight against lung cancer. In a small Texas-based study,a vaccine developed by scientists at Baylor University Medical Centre in Dallas, USA,cured lung cancer in some patients and slowed the progress of the disease in others.Researchers have reported encouraging findings from this small study.Forty-three patients suffering fromlung cancer were involved in these trials.Ten of these patients were in the early stages and thirty-three in the advanced stages of the disease.They were injected with the vaccine every two weeks for three months,and were carefully monitored for three years.In three of the patients in the advanced stages of cancer,the disease disappeared and in the others,it did not spread for five to twenty-four months.However,no great difference was seen in the patients in the early stages of the illness.This new vaccine uses the patient's own immune system.It is made specifically for each patient and is injected into the arm or leg. It stimulates（刺激）the body' s immune system, which then recognizes that the cancer cells are harmful,and attacks and destroys them.The vaccine could be effective against other forms of cancer. It offers great hope for the treatment of cancer in general,although further studies are needed before such treatment can be widely used.Patients in the early stages of the disease recovered more quickly in the trial.A:RightB:WrongC:Not mentioned
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Parkinson's Disease1 Parkinson's disease affects the way you move.It happens when there is a problem with certain nerve cells in the brain. Normally , these nerve cells make an important chemical called dopamine（多巴胺）. Dopa-mine sends signals to the part of your brain that controls movement.It lets your muscles move smoothly and do what you want them to do.When you have Parkinson's,these nerve cells break down.Then you no longerhave enough dopamine,and you have trouble moving the way you want to.2 No one knows for sure what makes these nerve cells break down.But scientists are doing a lot of re-search to look for the answer. They are studying many possible causes,including aging and poisons in the en- vironment.Abnormal genes seem to lead to Parkinson's disease in some people.But so far,there is not enough proof to show that it is always inherited.3 Tremor（颤抖）may be the first symptom you notice.It is one of the most common signs of the disease,although not everyone has it.Tremor often starts in just one arm or leg or only on one side of the body.It may be worse when you are awake but not moving the affected arm or leg. It may get better when you move the limb or when you are asleep.In time,Parkinson's affects muscles all through your body,so it can lead to problems like trouble swallowing or constipation（便秘）.In the later stages of the disease , a person with Parkinson's may have a fixed or blank expression,trouble speaking,and other problems.Some people also have a decrease in mental skills.4 At this time,there is no cure for Parkinson's disease.But there are several types of medicines that can control the symptoms and make the disease easier to live with.You may not even need treatment if your symptoms are mild.Your doctor may wait to prescribe medicines until your symptoms start to get in the way of your daily life.Your doctor will adjust your medicines as your symptoms get worse.You may need to take several medicines to get the best results.You'll find it hard to move the way you want to__________.A:what affects muscles all through your bodyB:if there isn't enough dopamine in your bodyC:which cannot be cured yetD:which may be the first symptom you noticeE:if you have a fixed or blank expression F: what causes Parkinson's disease
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Parkinson's Disease1 Parkinson's disease affects the way you move.It happens when there is a problem with certain nerve cells in the brain. Normally , these nerve cells make an important chemical called dopamine（多巴胺）. Dopa-mine sends signals to the part of your brain that controls movement.It lets your muscles move smoothly and do what you want them to do.When you have Parkinson's,these nerve cells break down.Then you no longerhave enough dopamine,and you have trouble moving the way you want to.2 No one knows for sure what makes these nerve cells break down.But scientists are doing a lot of re-search to look for the answer. They are studying many possible causes,including aging and poisons in the en- vironment.Abnormal genes seem to lead to Parkinson's disease in some people.But so far,there is not enough proof to show that it is always inherited.3 Tremor（颤抖）may be the first symptom you notice.It is one of the most common signs of the disease,although not everyone has it.Tremor often starts in just one arm or leg or only on one side of the body.It may be worse when you are awake but not moving the affected arm or leg. It may get better when you move the limb or when you are asleep.In time,Parkinson's affects muscles all through your body,so it can lead to problems like trouble swallowing or constipation（便秘）.In the later stages of the disease , a person with Parkinson's may have a fixed or blank expression,trouble speaking,and other problems.Some people also have a decrease in mental skills.4 At this time,there is no cure for Parkinson's disease.But there are several types of medicines that can control the symptoms and make the disease easier to live with.You may not even need treatment if your symptoms are mild.Your doctor may wait to prescribe medicines until your symptoms start to get in the way of your daily life.Your doctor will adjust your medicines as your symptoms get worse.You may need to take several medicines to get the best results.One of the most common signs of Parkinson's is tremor,__________.A:what affects muscles all through your bodyB:if there isn't enough dopamine in your bodyC:which cannot be cured yetD:which may be the first symptom you noticeE:if you have a fixed or blank expression F: what causes Parkinson's disease
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共用题干
Parkinson's Disease1 Parkinson's disease affects the way you move.It happens when there is a problem with certain nerve cells in the brain. Normally , these nerve cells make an important chemical called dopamine（多巴胺）. Dopa-mine sends signals to the part of your brain that controls movement.It lets your muscles move smoothly and do what you want them to do.When you have Parkinson's,these nerve cells break down.Then you no longerhave enough dopamine,and you have trouble moving the way you want to.2 No one knows for sure what makes these nerve cells break down.But scientists are doing a lot of re-search to look for the answer. They are studying many possible causes,including aging and poisons in the en- vironment.Abnormal genes seem to lead to Parkinson's disease in some people.But so far,there is not enough proof to show that it is always inherited.3 Tremor（颤抖）may be the first symptom you notice.It is one of the most common signs of the disease,although not everyone has it.Tremor often starts in just one arm or leg or only on one side of the body.It may be worse when you are awake but not moving the affected arm or leg. It may get better when you move the limb or when you are asleep.In time,Parkinson's affects muscles all through your body,so it can lead to problems like trouble swallowing or constipation（便秘）.In the later stages of the disease , a person with Parkinson's may have a fixed or blank expression,trouble speaking,and other problems.Some people also have a decrease in mental skills.4 At this time,there is no cure for Parkinson's disease.But there are several types of medicines that can control the symptoms and make the disease easier to live with.You may not even need treatment if your symptoms are mild.Your doctor may wait to prescribe medicines until your symptoms start to get in the way of your daily life.Your doctor will adjust your medicines as your symptoms get worse.You may need to take several medicines to get the best results.Paragraph 1__________A:Means of Diagnosis of the DiseaseB:Tips for Patients With the DiseaseC:Common Treatment for the DiseaseD:Definition of Parkinson's DiseaseE:Possible Causes of the DiseaseF: Typical Symptoms of the Disease
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Disease,Diagnosis,Treatment and PreventionDisease may be defined as the abnormal state in which part or all of the body is not properly adjusted or is not capable of carrying on all its required functions.There are marked variations in the extent of the disease and in its effect on the person.In order to treat a disease,the doctor obviously must first determine the nature of the illness-that is, make a diagnosis.A diagnosis is the conclusion drawn from a number of facts put together.The doctor must know the symptoms,which are the changes in body function felt by the patient;and the signs(also called objective symptoms)which the doctor himself can observe.Sometimes a characteristic group of signs(or symptoms)accompanied a given disease.Such a group is called a syndrome.Frequently certain laboratory tests are performed and the results evaluated by the physician in making his diagnosis.Although nurses do not diagnose,they play an extremely valuable role in this process by observing closely for signs,encouraging the patient to talk about himself and his symptoms,and then reporting this in- formation to the doctor.Once the patient's disorder is known,the doctor prescribes a course of treatment, also referred to as therapy.Many measures in this course of treatment are carried out by the nurse under the physician's orders.In recent years physicians,nurses and other health workers have taken on increasing responsibilities in prevention.Throughout most of medical history,the physician's aim has been to cure a patient of an existing disease.However,the modern concept of prevention seeks to stop disease before it actually happens-to keep people well through the promotion of health.A vast number of organizations exist for this purpose, ranging from the World Health Organization(WHO)on an international level down to local private and community health programs.A rapidly growing responsibility of the nursing profession is educating individual patients toward the maintenance of total health-physical and mental.The diagnostic aids are indispensable in any case for a physician to diagnose a disease.A:Right B:Wrong C:Not mentioned
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Parkinson's Disease1 Parkinson's disease affects the way you move.It happens when there is a problem with certain nerve cells in the brain. Normally , these nerve cells make an important chemical called dopamine（多巴胺）. Dopa-mine sends signals to the part of your brain that controls movement.It lets your muscles move smoothly and do what you want them to do.When you have Parkinson's,these nerve cells break down.Then you no longerhave enough dopamine,and you have trouble moving the way you want to.2 No one knows for sure what makes these nerve cells break down.But scientists are doing a lot of re-search to look for the answer. They are studying many possible causes,including aging and poisons in the en- vironment.Abnormal genes seem to lead to Parkinson's disease in some people.But so far,there is not enough proof to show that it is always inherited.3 Tremor（颤抖）may be the first symptom you notice.It is one of the most common signs of the disease,although not everyone has it.Tremor often starts in just one arm or leg or only on one side of the body.It may be worse when you are awake but not moving the affected arm or leg. It may get better when you move the limb or when you are asleep.In time,Parkinson's affects muscles all through your body,so it can lead to problems like trouble swallowing or constipation（便秘）.In the later stages of the disease , a person with Parkinson's may have a fixed or blank expression,trouble speaking,and other problems.Some people also have a decrease in mental skills.4 At this time,there is no cure for Parkinson's disease.But there are several types of medicines that can control the symptoms and make the disease easier to live with.You may not even need treatment if your symptoms are mild.Your doctor may wait to prescribe medicines until your symptoms start to get in the way of your daily life.Your doctor will adjust your medicines as your symptoms get worse.You may need to take several medicines to get the best results.A person with Parkinson's has to learn to live with the disease,__________.A:what affects muscles all through your bodyB:if there isn't enough dopamine in your bodyC:which cannot be cured yetD:which may be the first symptom you noticeE:if you have a fixed or blank expression F: what causes Parkinson's disease
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Multiple Sclerosis（多发性硬化症）1 Multiple Sclerosis ( MS) is a disease in which the patient ' s immune（免疫的）system attacks the central nervous system.This can lead to numerous physical and mental symptoms,as the disease affects the transmission of electrical signals between the body and the brain.However,the human body,being a flexi-ble,adaptable system,can compensate for some level of damage,so a person with MS can look and feel fine even though the disease is present.2 MS patients can have one of two main varieties of the disease : the relapsing form（复发型）and theprimary progressive form.In the relapsing form,the disease progresses in a series of jumps;at times it is in remission（减轻）,which means that a person's normal functions return for a period of time before the sys-tem goes into relapse and the disease again becomes more active.This is the most common form of MS; 80％～90% of people have this form of the disease when they are first diagnosed. The relapse-remission cycle can continue for many years.Eventually,however,loss of physical and cognitive functions starts to take place and the remissions become less frequent.3 In the primary progressive form of MS,there are no remissions and a continual but steady loss of physical and cognitive functions takes place.This condition affects about 10％～15% of sufferers atdiagnosis.4 The expected course of the disease,or prognosis（预后）,depends on many variables:the subtype of the disease,the patient's individual characteristics and the initial symptoms.Life expectancy of patients, however,is often nearly the same as that of an unaffected person一provided that a reasonable standard of care is received.In some cases a near-normal life span is possible.5 The cause of the disease is unclear ; it seems that some people have a genetic susceptibility（易感 性）,which is triggered by some unknown environmental factor. Onset（发作）of the disease usually occurs in young adults between the age of 20 and 40.It is more common in women than men;however,it has also been diagnosed in young children and in elderly people.Paragraph 4__________A:The Cause of MSB:The Relapsing Form of MSC:The Treatment for MSD:The Primary Progressive Form of MSE:The Definition of MSF: The Develonment of MS
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Promising Resnlts from Cancer StudyA new experimental vaccine（疫苗）has shown promising results in the fight against lung cancer.In a small Texas-based study,a vaccine developed by scientists at Baylor University Medical Centre in Dallas,USA,cured lung cancer in some patients and slowed the progress of the disease in others.Researchers have reported encouraging findings from this small study.Forty一three patients suffering from lung cancer were involved in these trials.Ten of these patients were in the early stages and thirty-three in tho advanced stages of the disease.They were injected with the vaccine every two weeks for three months,and were carefully monitored for three years.In three of the patients in the advanced stages of cancer,the disease disappeared and in the others,it did not spread for five to twenty-four months.However,no great difference was seen in the patients in the early stages of the illness.This new vaccine uses the patient's own immune system.It is made specifically for each patient and is injected into the arm or leg.It stimulates（刺激）the body's immune system, which then recognizes that the cancer cells are harmful,and attacks and destroys them.The vaccine could be effective against other forms of cancer.It offers great hope for the treatment of cancer in general,although further studies are needed before such treatment can be widely used.Every patient was injected with the same vaccine.A:RightB:WrongC:Not mentioned
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Promising Resnlts from Cancer StudyA new experimental vaccine（疫苗）has shown promising results in the fight against lung cancer.In a small Texas-based study,a vaccine developed by scientists at Baylor University Medical Centre in Dallas,USA,cured lung cancer in some patients and slowed the progress of the disease in others.Researchers have reported encouraging findings from this small study.Forty一three patients suffering from lung cancer were involved in these trials.Ten of these patients were in the early stages and thirty-three in tho advanced stages of the disease.They were injected with the vaccine every two weeks for three months,and were carefully monitored for three years.In three of the patients in the advanced stages of cancer,the disease disappeared and in the others,it did not spread for five to twenty-four months.However,no great difference was seen in the patients in the early stages of the illness.This new vaccine uses the patient's own immune system.It is made specifically for each patient and is injected into the arm or leg.It stimulates（刺激）the body's immune system, which then recognizes that the cancer cells are harmful,and attacks and destroys them.The vaccine could be effective against other forms of cancer.It offers great hope for the treatment of cancer in general,although further studies are needed before such treatment can be widely used.The vaccine activates the immune system.A:RightB:WrongC:Not mentioned
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共用题干
Multiple Sclerosis（多发性硬化症）1 Multiple Sclerosis ( MS) is a disease in which the patient ' s immune（免疫的）system attacks the central nervous system.This can lead to numerous physical and mental symptoms,as the disease affects the transmission of electrical signals between the body and the brain.However,the human body,being a flexi-ble,adaptable system,can compensate for some level of damage,so a person with MS can look and feel fine even though the disease is present.2 MS patients can have one of two main varieties of the disease : the relapsing form（复发型）and theprimary progressive form.In the relapsing form,the disease progresses in a series of jumps;at times it is in remission（减轻）,which means that a person's normal functions return for a period of time before the sys-tem goes into relapse and the disease again becomes more active.This is the most common form of MS; 80％～90% of people have this form of the disease when they are first diagnosed. The relapse-remission cycle can continue for many years.Eventually,however,loss of physical and cognitive functions starts to take place and the remissions become less frequent.3 In the primary progressive form of MS,there are no remissions and a continual but steady loss of physical and cognitive functions takes place.This condition affects about 10％～15% of sufferers atdiagnosis.4 The expected course of the disease,or prognosis（预后）,depends on many variables:the subtype of the disease,the patient's individual characteristics and the initial symptoms.Life expectancy of patients, however,is often nearly the same as that of an unaffected person一provided that a reasonable standard of care is received.In some cases a near-normal life span is possible.5 The cause of the disease is unclear ; it seems that some people have a genetic susceptibility（易感 性）,which is triggered by some unknown environmental factor. Onset（发作）of the disease usually occurs in young adults between the age of 20 and 40.It is more common in women than men;however,it has also been diagnosed in young children and in elderly people.MS affects the communication of nerve cells between the body and__________.A:relatives of MS patientsB:the elderly peopleC:the diseaseD:the primary progressive formE:the brainF:life expectancy
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Disease,Diagnosis,Treatment and PreventionDisease may be defined as the abnormal state in which part or all of the body is not properly adjusted or is not capable of carrying on all its required functions.There are marked variations in the extent of the disease and in its effect on the person.In order to treat a disease,the doctor obviously must first determine the nature of the illness-that is, make a diagnosis.A diagnosis is the conclusion drawn from a number of facts put together.The doctor must know the symptoms,which are the changes in body function felt by the patient;and the signs(also called objective symptoms)which the doctor himself can observe.Sometimes a characteristic group of signs(or symptoms)accompanied a given disease.Such a group is called a syndrome.Frequently certain laboratory tests are performed and the results evaluated by the physician in making his diagnosis.Although nurses do not diagnose,they play an extremely valuable role in this process by observing closely for signs,encouraging the patient to talk about himself and his symptoms,and then reporting this in- formation to the doctor.Once the patient's disorder is known,the doctor prescribes a course of treatment, also referred to as therapy.Many measures in this course of treatment are carried out by the nurse under the physician's orders.In recent years physicians,nurses and other health workers have taken on increasing responsibilities in prevention.Throughout most of medical history,the physician's aim has been to cure a patient of an existing disease.However,the modern concept of prevention seeks to stop disease before it actually happens-to keep people well through the promotion of health.A vast number of organizations exist for this purpose, ranging from the World Health Organization(WHO)on an international level down to local private and community health programs.A rapidly growing responsibility of the nursing profession is educating individual patients toward the maintenance of total health-physical and mental.Because nurses can observe patients closely,they have the authority to deal with any critical condition happening to patients.A:Right B:Wrong C:Not mentioned
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Disease,Diagnosis,Treatment and PreventionDisease may be defined as the abnormal state in which part or all of the body is not properly adjusted or is not capable of carrying on all its required functions.There are marked variations in the extent of the disease and in its effect on the person.In order to treat a disease,the doctor obviously must first determine the nature of the illness-that is, make a diagnosis.A diagnosis is the conclusion drawn from a number of facts put together.The doctor must know the symptoms,which are the changes in body function felt by the patient;and the signs(also called objective symptoms)which the doctor himself can observe.Sometimes a characteristic group of signs(or symptoms)accompanied a given disease.Such a group is called a syndrome.Frequently certain laboratory tests are performed and the results evaluated by the physician in making his diagnosis.Although nurses do not diagnose,they play an extremely valuable role in this process by observing closely for signs,encouraging the patient to talk about himself and his symptoms,and then reporting this in- formation to the doctor.Once the patient's disorder is known,the doctor prescribes a course of treatment, also referred to as therapy.Many measures in this course of treatment are carried out by the nurse under the physician's orders.In recent years physicians,nurses and other health workers have taken on increasing responsibilities in prevention.Throughout most of medical history,the physician's aim has been to cure a patient of an existing disease.However,the modern concept of prevention seeks to stop disease before it actually happens-to keep people well through the promotion of health.A vast number of organizations exist for this purpose, ranging from the World Health Organization(WHO)on an international level down to local private and community health programs.A rapidly growing responsibility of the nursing profession is educating individual patients toward the maintenance of total health-physical and mental.By disease it means the condition in which one or more parts of the body fail to function properly.A:Right B:Wrong C:Not mentioned
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Disease,Diagnosis,Treatment and PreventionDisease may be defined as the abnormal state in which part or all of the body is not properly adjusted or is not capable of carrying on all its required functions.There are marked variations in the extent of the disease and in its effect on the person.In order to treat a disease,the doctor obviously must first determine the nature of the illness-that is, make a diagnosis.A diagnosis is the conclusion drawn from a number of facts put together.The doctor must know the symptoms,which are the changes in body function felt by the patient;and the signs(also called objective symptoms)which the doctor himself can observe.Sometimes a characteristic group of signs(or symptoms)accompanied a given disease.Such a group is called a syndrome.Frequently certain laboratory tests are performed and the results evaluated by the physician in making his diagnosis.Although nurses do not diagnose,they play an extremely valuable role in this process by observing closely for signs,encouraging the patient to talk about himself and his symptoms,and then reporting this in- formation to the doctor.Once the patient's disorder is known,the doctor prescribes a course of treatment, also referred to as therapy.Many measures in this course of treatment are carried out by the nurse under the physician's orders.In recent years physicians,nurses and other health workers have taken on increasing responsibilities in prevention.Throughout most of medical history,the physician's aim has been to cure a patient of an existing disease.However,the modern concept of prevention seeks to stop disease before it actually happens-to keep people well through the promotion of health.A vast number of organizations exist for this purpose, ranging from the World Health Organization(WHO)on an international level down to local private and community health programs.A rapidly growing responsibility of the nursing profession is educating individual patients toward the maintenance of total health-physical and mental.A syndrome refers to a complex of signs and/or symptoms typical of a specific disease.A:Right B:Wrong C:Not mentioned
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Multiple Sclerosis（多发性硬化症）1 Multiple Sclerosis ( MS) is a disease in which the patient ' s immune（免疫的）system attacks the central nervous system.This can lead to numerous physical and mental symptoms,as the disease affects the transmission of electrical signals between the body and the brain.However,the human body,being a flexi-ble,adaptable system,can compensate for some level of damage,so a person with MS can look and feel fine even though the disease is present.2 MS patients can have one of two main varieties of the disease : the relapsing form（复发型）and theprimary progressive form.In the relapsing form,the disease progresses in a series of jumps;at times it is in remission（减轻）,which means that a person's normal functions return for a period of time before the sys-tem goes into relapse and the disease again becomes more active.This is the most common form of MS; 80％～90% of people have this form of the disease when they are first diagnosed. The relapse-remission cycle can continue for many years.Eventually,however,loss of physical and cognitive functions starts to take place and the remissions become less frequent.3 In the primary progressive form of MS,there are no remissions and a continual but steady loss of physical and cognitive functions takes place.This condition affects about 10％～15% of sufferers atdiagnosis.4 The expected course of the disease,or prognosis（预后）,depends on many variables:the subtype of the disease,the patient's individual characteristics and the initial symptoms.Life expectancy of patients, however,is often nearly the same as that of an unaffected person一provided that a reasonable standard of care is received.In some cases a near-normal life span is possible.5 The cause of the disease is unclear ; it seems that some people have a genetic susceptibility（易感 性）,which is triggered by some unknown environmental factor. Onset（发作）of the disease usually occurs in young adults between the age of 20 and 40.It is more common in women than men;however,it has also been diagnosed in young children and in elderly people.10％～15%of MS patients are diagnosed as having_________.A:relatives of MS patientsB:the elderly peopleC:the diseaseD:the primary progressive formE:the brainF:life expectancy
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Parkinson's Disease1 Parkinson's disease affects the way you move.It happens when there is a problem with certain nerve cells in the brain. Normally , these nerve cells make an important chemical called dopamine（多巴胺）. Dopa-mine sends signals to the part of your brain that controls movement.It lets your muscles move smoothly and do what you want them to do.When you have Parkinson's,these nerve cells break down.Then you no longerhave enough dopamine,and you have trouble moving the way you want to.2 No one knows for sure what makes these nerve cells break down.But scientists are doing a lot of re-search to look for the answer. They are studying many possible causes,including aging and poisons in the en- vironment.Abnormal genes seem to lead to Parkinson's disease in some people.But so far,there is not enough proof to show that it is always inherited.3 Tremor（颤抖）may be the first symptom you notice.It is one of the most common signs of the disease,although not everyone has it.Tremor often starts in just one arm or leg or only on one side of the body.It may be worse when you are awake but not moving the affected arm or leg. It may get better when you move the limb or when you are asleep.In time,Parkinson's affects muscles all through your body,so it can lead to problems like trouble swallowing or constipation（便秘）.In the later stages of the disease , a person with Parkinson's may have a fixed or blank expression,trouble speaking,and other problems.Some people also have a decrease in mental skills.4 At this time,there is no cure for Parkinson's disease.But there are several types of medicines that can control the symptoms and make the disease easier to live with.You may not even need treatment if your symptoms are mild.Your doctor may wait to prescribe medicines until your symptoms start to get in the way of your daily life.Your doctor will adjust your medicines as your symptoms get worse.You may need to take several medicines to get the best results.Paragraph 3__________A:Means of Diagnosis of the DiseaseB:Tips for Patients With the DiseaseC:Common Treatment for the DiseaseD:Definition of Parkinson's DiseaseE:Possible Causes of the DiseaseF: Typical Symptoms of the Disease
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Disease,Diagnosis,Treatment and PreventionDisease may be defined as the abnormal state in which part or all of the body is not properly adjusted or is not capable of carrying on all its required functions.There are marked variations in the extent of the disease and in its effect on the person.In order to treat a disease,the doctor obviously must first determine the nature of the illness-that is, make a diagnosis.A diagnosis is the conclusion drawn from a number of facts put together.The doctor must know the symptoms,which are the changes in body function felt by the patient;and the signs(also called objective symptoms)which the doctor himself can observe.Sometimes a characteristic group of signs(or symptoms)accompanied a given disease.Such a group is called a syndrome.Frequently certain laboratory tests are performed and the results evaluated by the physician in making his diagnosis.Although nurses do not diagnose,they play an extremely valuable role in this process by observing closely for signs,encouraging the patient to talk about himself and his symptoms,and then reporting this in- formation to the doctor.Once the patient's disorder is known,the doctor prescribes a course of treatment, also referred to as therapy.Many measures in this course of treatment are carried out by the nurse under the physician's orders.In recent years physicians,nurses and other health workers have taken on increasing responsibilities in prevention.Throughout most of medical history,the physician's aim has been to cure a patient of an existing disease.However,the modern concept of prevention seeks to stop disease before it actually happens-to keep people well through the promotion of health.A vast number of organizations exist for this purpose, ranging from the World Health Organization(WHO)on an international level down to local private and community health programs.A rapidly growing responsibility of the nursing profession is educating individual patients toward the maintenance of total health-physical and mental.Generally speaking,the physician is more willing to treat patients'physical disease than their mental illness.A:Right B:Wrong C:Not mentioned
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Multiple Sclerosis（多发性硬化症）1 Multiple Sclerosis ( MS) is a disease in which the patient ' s immune（免疫的）system attacks the central nervous system.This can lead to numerous physical and mental symptoms,as the disease affects the transmission of electrical signals between the body and the brain.However,the human body,being a flexi-ble,adaptable system,can compensate for some level of damage,so a person with MS can look and feel fine even though the disease is present.2 MS patients can have one of two main varieties of the disease : the relapsing form（复发型）and theprimary progressive form.In the relapsing form,the disease progresses in a series of jumps;at times it is in remission（减轻）,which means that a person's normal functions return for a period of time before the sys-tem goes into relapse and the disease again becomes more active.This is the most common form of MS; 80％～90% of people have this form of the disease when they are first diagnosed. The relapse-remission cycle can continue for many years.Eventually,however,loss of physical and cognitive functions starts to take place and the remissions become less frequent.3 In the primary progressive form of MS,there are no remissions and a continual but steady loss of physical and cognitive functions takes place.This condition affects about 10％～15% of sufferers atdiagnosis.4 The expected course of the disease,or prognosis（预后）,depends on many variables:the subtype of the disease,the patient's individual characteristics and the initial symptoms.Life expectancy of patients, however,is often nearly the same as that of an unaffected person一provided that a reasonable standard of care is received.In some cases a near-normal life span is possible.5 The cause of the disease is unclear ; it seems that some people have a genetic susceptibility（易感 性）,which is triggered by some unknown environmental factor. Onset（发作）of the disease usually occurs in young adults between the age of 20 and 40.It is more common in women than men;however,it has also been diagnosed in young children and in elderly people.Paragraph 1_________A:The Cause of MSB:The Relapsing Form of MSC:The Treatment for MSD:The Primary Progressive Form of MSE:The Definition of MSF: The Develonment of MS
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Disease,Diagnosis,Treatment and PreventionDisease may be defined as the abnormal state in which part or all of the body is not properly adjusted or is not capable of carrying on all its required functions.There are marked variations in the extent of the disease and in its effect on the person.In order to treat a disease,the doctor obviously must first determine the nature of the illness-that is, make a diagnosis.A diagnosis is the conclusion drawn from a number of facts put together.The doctor must know the symptoms,which are the changes in body function felt by the patient;and the signs(also called objective symptoms)which the doctor himself can observe.Sometimes a characteristic group of signs(or symptoms)accompanied a given disease.Such a group is called a syndrome.Frequently certain laboratory tests are performed and the results evaluated by the physician in making his diagnosis.Although nurses do not diagnose,they play an extremely valuable role in this process by observing closely for signs,encouraging the patient to talk about himself and his symptoms,and then reporting this in- formation to the doctor.Once the patient's disorder is known,the doctor prescribes a course of treatment, also referred to as therapy.Many measures in this course of treatment are carried out by the nurse under the physician's orders.In recent years physicians,nurses and other health workers have taken on increasing responsibilities in prevention.Throughout most of medical history,the physician's aim has been to cure a patient of an existing disease.However,the modern concept of prevention seeks to stop disease before it actually happens-to keep people well through the promotion of health.A vast number of organizations exist for this purpose, ranging from the World Health Organization(WHO)on an international level down to local private and community health programs.A rapidly growing responsibility of the nursing profession is educating individual patients toward the maintenance of total health-physical and mental.Modern medicine attaches much more importance to disease prevention than traditional medicine.A:Right B:Wrong C:Not mentioned
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Multiple Sclerosis（多发性硬化症）1 Multiple Sclerosis ( MS) is a disease in which the patient ' s immune（免疫的）system attacks the central nervous system.This can lead to numerous physical and mental symptoms,as the disease affects the transmission of electrical signals between the body and the brain.However,the human body,being a flexi-ble,adaptable system,can compensate for some level of damage,so a person with MS can look and feel fine even though the disease is present.2 MS patients can have one of two main varieties of the disease : the relapsing form（复发型）and theprimary progressive form.In the relapsing form,the disease progresses in a series of jumps;at times it is in remission（减轻）,which means that a person's normal functions return for a period of time before the sys-tem goes into relapse and the disease again becomes more active.This is the most common form of MS; 80％～90% of people have this form of the disease when they are first diagnosed. The relapse-remission cycle can continue for many years.Eventually,however,loss of physical and cognitive functions starts to take place and the remissions become less frequent.3 In the primary progressive form of MS,there are no remissions and a continual but steady loss of physical and cognitive functions takes place.This condition affects about 10％～15% of sufferers atdiagnosis.4 The expected course of the disease,or prognosis（预后）,depends on many variables:the subtype of the disease,the patient's individual characteristics and the initial symptoms.Life expectancy of patients, however,is often nearly the same as that of an unaffected person一provided that a reasonable standard of care is received.In some cases a near-normal life span is possible.5 The cause of the disease is unclear ; it seems that some people have a genetic susceptibility（易感 性）,which is triggered by some unknown environmental factor. Onset（发作）of the disease usually occurs in young adults between the age of 20 and 40.It is more common in women than men;however,it has also been diagnosed in young children and in elderly people.Young adults might have a higher chance of developing the disease than_________.A:relatives of MS patientsB:the elderly peopleC:the diseaseD:the primary progressive formE:the brainF:life expectancy
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Disease,Diagnosis,Treatment and PreventionDisease may be defined as the abnormal state in which part or all of the body is not properly adjusted or is not capable of carrying on all its required functions.There are marked variations in the extent of the disease and in its effect on the person.In order to treat a disease,the doctor obviously must first determine the nature of the illness-that is, make a diagnosis.A diagnosis is the conclusion drawn from a number of facts put together.The doctor must know the symptoms,which are the changes in body function felt by the patient;and the signs(also called objective symptoms)which the doctor himself can observe.Sometimes a characteristic group of signs(or symptoms)accompanied a given disease.Such a group is called a syndrome.Frequently certain laboratory tests are performed and the results evaluated by the physician in making his diagnosis.Although nurses do not diagnose,they play an extremely valuable role in this process by observing closely for signs,encouraging the patient to talk about himself and his symptoms,and then reporting this in- formation to the doctor.Once the patient's disorder is known,the doctor prescribes a course of treatment, also referred to as therapy.Many measures in this course of treatment are carried out by the nurse under the physician's orders.In recent years physicians,nurses and other health workers have taken on increasing responsibilities in prevention.Throughout most of medical history,the physician's aim has been to cure a patient of an existing disease.However,the modern concept of prevention seeks to stop disease before it actually happens-to keep people well through the promotion of health.A vast number of organizations exist for this purpose, ranging from the World Health Organization(WHO)on an international level down to local private and community health programs.A rapidly growing responsibility of the nursing profession is educating individual patients toward the maintenance of total health-physical and mental.An effective system of disease prevention and treatment has been established in every country all over the world.A:Right B:Wrong C:Not mentioned
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Multiple Sclerosis（多发性硬化症）1 Multiple Sclerosis ( MS) is a disease in which the patient ' s immune（免疫的）system attacks the central nervous system.This can lead to numerous physical and mental symptoms,as the disease affects the transmission of electrical signals between the body and the brain.However,the human body,being a flexible,adaptable system,can compensate for some level of damage,so a person with MS can look and feel fine even though the disease is present.2 MS patients can have one of two main varieties of the disease:the relapsing form（复发型）and the primary progressive form.In the relapsing form,the disease progresses in a series of jumps;at times it is in remission（减轻）,which meatis that a person's normal functions return for a period of time before the system goes into relapse and the disease again becomes more active.This is the most common form of MS;80％～90% of people have this form of the disease when they are first diagnosed.The relapse一remission cycle can continue for many years.Eventually,however,loss of physical and cognitive functions starts to take place and the remissions become less frequent.3 In the primary progressive form of MS,there are no remissions and a continual but steady loss of physical and cognitive functions takes place. This condition affects about 10%～15% of sufferers at diagnosis.4 The expected course of the disease,or prognosis（预后）,depends on many variables:the subtype of the disease,the patient's individual characteristics and the initial symptoms.Life expectancy of patients, however,is often nearly the same as that of an unaffected person一provided that a reasonable standard of care is received.In some cases a near一normal life span is possible.5 The cause of the disease is unclear ; it seems that some people have a genetic susceptibility（易感 性）,which is triggered by some unknown environmental factor. Onset（发作）of the disease usually occurs in young adults between the age of 20 and 40.It is more common in women than men;however,it has also been diagnosed in young children and in elderly people.An MS patient can feel fine for years without being affected much by_____.A:relatives of MS patientsB:the elderly peopleC:the diseaseD:the primary progressive formE:the brainF:life expectancy
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Multiple Sclerosis（多发性硬化症）1 Multiple Sclerosis ( MS) is a disease in which the patient ' s immune（免疫的）system attacks the central nervous system.This can lead to numerous physical and mental symptoms,as the disease affects the transmission of electrical signals between the body and the brain.However,the human body,being a flexible,adaptable system,can compensate for some level of damage,so a person with MS can look and feel fine even though the disease is present.2 MS patients can have one of two main varieties of the disease:the relapsing form（复发型）and the primary progressive form.In the relapsing form,the disease progresses in a series of jumps;at times it is in remission（减轻）,which meatis that a person's normal functions return for a period of time before the system goes into relapse and the disease again becomes more active.This is the most common form of MS;80％～90% of people have this form of the disease when they are first diagnosed.The relapse一remission cycle can continue for many years.Eventually,however,loss of physical and cognitive functions starts to take place and the remissions become less frequent.3 In the primary progressive form of MS,there are no remissions and a continual but steady loss of physical and cognitive functions takes place. This condition affects about 10%～15% of sufferers at diagnosis.4 The expected course of the disease,or prognosis（预后）,depends on many variables:the subtype of the disease,the patient's individual characteristics and the initial symptoms.Life expectancy of patients, however,is often nearly the same as that of an unaffected person一provided that a reasonable standard of care is received.In some cases a near一normal life span is possible.5 The cause of the disease is unclear ; it seems that some people have a genetic susceptibility（易感 性）,which is triggered by some unknown environmental factor. Onset（发作）of the disease usually occurs in young adults between the age of 20 and 40.It is more common in women than men;however,it has also been diagnosed in young children and in elderly people.Paragraph 4_______A:The Cause of MSB:The Relapsing Form of MSC:The Treatment for MSD:The Primary Progressive Form of MSE:The Definition of MSF:The Development of MS
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Multiple Sclerosis（多发性硬化症）1 Multiple Sclerosis ( MS) is a disease in which the patient ' s immune（免疫的）system attacks the central nervous system.This can lead to numerous physical and mental symptoms,as the disease affects the transmission of electrical signals between the body and the brain.However,the human body,being a flexible,adaptable system,can compensate for some level of damage,so a person with MS can look and feel fine even though the disease is present.2 MS patients can have one of two main varieties of the disease:the relapsing form（复发型）and the primary progressive form.In the relapsing form,the disease progresses in a series of jumps;at times it is in remission（减轻）,which meatis that a person's normal functions return for a period of time before the system goes into relapse and the disease again becomes more active.This is the most common form of MS;80％～90% of people have this form of the disease when they are first diagnosed.The relapse一remission cycle can continue for many years.Eventually,however,loss of physical and cognitive functions starts to take place and the remissions become less frequent.3 In the primary progressive form of MS,there are no remissions and a continual but steady loss of physical and cognitive functions takes place. This condition affects about 10%～15% of sufferers at diagnosis.4 The expected course of the disease,or prognosis（预后）,depends on many variables:the subtype of the disease,the patient's individual characteristics and the initial symptoms.Life expectancy of patients, however,is often nearly the same as that of an unaffected person一provided that a reasonable standard of care is received.In some cases a near一normal life span is possible.5 The cause of the disease is unclear ; it seems that some people have a genetic susceptibility（易感 性）,which is triggered by some unknown environmental factor. Onset（发作）of the disease usually occurs in young adults between the age of 20 and 40.It is more common in women than men;however,it has also been diagnosed in young children and in elderly people.10%～15% of MS patients are diagnosed as having________.A:relatives of MS patientsB:the elderly peopleC:the diseaseD:the primary progressive formE:the brainF:life expectancy
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Multiple Sclerosis（多发性硬化症）1 Multiple Sclerosis ( MS) is a disease in which the patient ' s immune（免疫的）system attacks the central nervous system.This can lead to numerous physical and mental symptoms,as the disease affects the transmission of electrical signals between the body and the brain.However,the human body,being a flexible,adaptable system,can compensate for some level of damage,so a person with MS can look and feel fine even though the disease is present.2 MS patients can have one of two main varieties of the disease:the relapsing form（复发型）and the primary progressive form.In the relapsing form,the disease progresses in a series of jumps;at times it is in remission（减轻）,which meatis that a person's normal functions return for a period of time before the system goes into relapse and the disease again becomes more active.This is the most common form of MS;80％～90% of people have this form of the disease when they are first diagnosed.The relapse一remission cycle can continue for many years.Eventually,however,loss of physical and cognitive functions starts to take place and the remissions become less frequent.3 In the primary progressive form of MS,there are no remissions and a continual but steady loss of physical and cognitive functions takes place. This condition affects about 10%～15% of sufferers at diagnosis.4 The expected course of the disease,or prognosis（预后）,depends on many variables:the subtype of the disease,the patient's individual characteristics and the initial symptoms.Life expectancy of patients, however,is often nearly the same as that of an unaffected person一provided that a reasonable standard of care is received.In some cases a near一normal life span is possible.5 The cause of the disease is unclear ; it seems that some people have a genetic susceptibility（易感 性）,which is triggered by some unknown environmental factor. Onset（发作）of the disease usually occurs in young adults between the age of 20 and 40.It is more common in women than men;however,it has also been diagnosed in young children and in elderly people.Paragraph 1________A:The Cause of MSB:The Relapsing Form of MSC:The Treatment for MSD:The Primary Progressive Form of MSE:The Definition of MSF:The Development of MS
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Parkinson's Disease1 Parkinson's disease affects the way you move.It happens when there is a problem with certain nerve cells in the brain. Normally , these nerve cells make an important chemical called dopamine（多巴胺）. Dopamine sends signals to the part of your brain that controls movement.It lets your muscles move smoothly and do what you want them to do.When you have Parkinson's,these nerve cells break down.Then you nolonger have enough dopamine,and you have trouble moving the way you want to.2 No one knows for sure what makes these nerve cells break down.But scientists are doing a lot of research to look for the answer. They are studying many possible causes,including aging and poisons in the environment.Abnormal genes seem to lead to Parkinson's disease in some people.But so far,there is not enough proof to show that it is always inherited.3 Tremor（颤抖）may be the first symptom you notice.It is one of the most common signs of the disease,although not everyone has it.Tremor often starts in just one arm or leg or only on one side of the body.It may be worse when you are awake but not moving the affected arm or leg.It may get better when you move the limb or when you are asleep.In time,Parkinson's affects muscles all through your body,so it can lead to problems like trouble swallowing or constipation（便秘）.In the later stages of the disease,a person with Parkinson's may have a fixed or blank expression,trouble" speaking,and other problems.Some people also have a decrease in mental skills.4 At this time,there is no cure for Parkinson's disease.But there are several types of medicines that can control the symptoms and make the disease easier to live with.You may not even need treatment if your symptoms are mild.Your doctor may wait to prescribe medicines until your symptoms start to get in the way of your daily life.Your doctor will adjust your medicines as your symptoms get worse.You may need to take several medicines to get the best results.Paragraph 1_______A:Means of Diagnosis of the DiseaseB:Tips for Patients With the DiseaseC:Common Treatment for the DiseaseD:Definition of Parkinson's DiseaseE:Possible Causes of the DiseaseF:Tvnical Svmntoms of the Disease
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Multiple Sclerosis（多发性硬化症）1 Multiple Sclerosis ( MS) is a disease in which the patient ' s immune（免疫的）system attacks the central nervous system.This can lead to numerous physical and mental symptoms,as the disease affects the transmission of electrical signals between the body and the brain.However,the human body,being a flexible,adaptable system,can compensate for some level of damage,so a person with MS can look and feel fine even though the disease is present.2 MS patients can have one of two main varieties of the disease:the relapsing form（复发型）and the primary progressive form.In the relapsing form,the disease progresses in a series of jumps;at times it is in remission（减轻）,which meatis that a person's normal functions return for a period of time before the system goes into relapse and the disease again becomes more active.This is the most common form of MS;80％～90% of people have this form of the disease when they are first diagnosed.The relapse一remission cycle can continue for many years.Eventually,however,loss of physical and cognitive functions starts to take place and the remissions become less frequent.3 In the primary progressive form of MS,there are no remissions and a continual but steady loss of physical and cognitive functions takes place. This condition affects about 10%～15% of sufferers at diagnosis.4 The expected course of the disease,or prognosis（预后）,depends on many variables:the subtype of the disease,the patient's individual characteristics and the initial symptoms.Life expectancy of patients, however,is often nearly the same as that of an unaffected person一provided that a reasonable standard of care is received.In some cases a near一normal life span is possible.5 The cause of the disease is unclear ; it seems that some people have a genetic susceptibility（易感 性）,which is triggered by some unknown environmental factor. Onset（发作）of the disease usually occurs in young adults between the age of 20 and 40.It is more common in women than men;however,it has also been diagnosed in young children and in elderly people.Young adults might have a higher chance of developing the disease than________.A:relatives of MS patientsB:the elderly peopleC:the diseaseD:the primary progressive formE:the brainF:life expectancy
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Multiple Sclerosis（多发性硬化症）1 Multiple Sclerosis ( MS) is a disease in which the patient ' s immune（免疫的）system attacks the central nervous system.This can lead to numerous physical and mental symptoms,as the disease affects the transmission of electrical signals between the body and the brain.However,the human body,being a flexible,adaptable system,can compensate for some level of damage,so a person with MS can look and feel fine even though the disease is present.2 MS patients can have one of two main varieties of the disease:the relapsing form（复发型）and the primary progressive form.In the relapsing form,the disease progresses in a series of jumps;at times it is in remission（减轻）,which meatis that a person's normal functions return for a period of time before the system goes into relapse and the disease again becomes more active.This is the most common form of MS;80％～90% of people have this form of the disease when they are first diagnosed.The relapse一remission cycle can continue for many years.Eventually,however,loss of physical and cognitive functions starts to take place and the remissions become less frequent.3 In the primary progressive form of MS,there are no remissions and a continual but steady loss of physical and cognitive functions takes place. This condition affects about 10%～15% of sufferers at diagnosis.4 The expected course of the disease,or prognosis（预后）,depends on many variables:the subtype of the disease,the patient's individual characteristics and the initial symptoms.Life expectancy of patients, however,is often nearly the same as that of an unaffected person一provided that a reasonable standard of care is received.In some cases a near一normal life span is possible.5 The cause of the disease is unclear ; it seems that some people have a genetic susceptibility（易感 性）,which is triggered by some unknown environmental factor. Onset（发作）of the disease usually occurs in young adults between the age of 20 and 40.It is more common in women than men;however,it has also been diagnosed in young children and in elderly people.MS affects the communication of nerve cells between the body and_______.A:relatives of MS patientsB:the elderly peopleC:the diseaseD:the primary progressive formE:the brainF:life expectancy
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