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共用题干
第二篇
CT Scans and Lung Cancer
Small or slow-growing nodules（小结节）discovered on a lung scan are unlikely to develop into tumors
over the next two years,researchers reported on Wednesday.
The findings,reported in the New England Journal of Medicine,could help doctors decide when to do
more aggressive testing for lung cancer. They could also help patients avoid unnecessarily aggressive and
potentially harmful testing when lesions（损伤）are found.
Lung cancer,the biggest cancer killer in the United States and globally,is often not diagnosed until it
has spread. It kills 159,000 people a year in the United States alone.
The work is part of a larger effort to develop guidelines to help doctors decide what to do when such
growths,often discovered by accident,appear in a scan.
High-tech（高技术的）X-rays called CT scans can detect tumors一but they see all sorts of other blobs
（模糊的一团）that are not tumors , and often the only way to tell the difference is to take a biopsy（活检）,
a dangerous procedure.
At the moment,routine lung cancer screening is considered impractical because of its high cost and
because too many healthy people are called back for further testing.
Good guidelines could help make lung cancer screening practical,Dr. Rob van Kiaveren of the Erasmus
Medical Center in Rotterdam,the Netherlands,who led the new study,said in a telephone interview.
The team looked at 7,557 people at high risk for lung cancer because they were current or former
smokers. All received multidetector（多层螺旋）CT scans that measured the size of any suspicious-looking
nodules.
Volunteers who had nodules over 9.7 mm in width,or had growth of 4. 6 mm that grew fast enough to more
than double in volume every 400 days,were sent for further testing. Of the 196 people who fell into that category,
70 were found to have lung cancer;10 additional cases were found years later.
But of the 7 ,361 who tested negative during screening,only 20 lung cancer cases later developed.
In a second round of screening done one year after the first,1.8 percent were sent to the doctor because they
had a nodule that was large or fast-growing. More than half turned out to have lung cancer.
The result means that if the screening test says you don't have lung cancer,you probably don't,the re-
searchers said."The chances of finding lung cancer one or two years after a negative first-round test were
1 in 1,000 and 3 in 1,000 respectively,"they concluded.
第二篇
CT Scans and Lung Cancer
Small or slow-growing nodules（小结节）discovered on a lung scan are unlikely to develop into tumors
over the next two years,researchers reported on Wednesday.
The findings,reported in the New England Journal of Medicine,could help doctors decide when to do
more aggressive testing for lung cancer. They could also help patients avoid unnecessarily aggressive and
potentially harmful testing when lesions（损伤）are found.
Lung cancer,the biggest cancer killer in the United States and globally,is often not diagnosed until it
has spread. It kills 159,000 people a year in the United States alone.
The work is part of a larger effort to develop guidelines to help doctors decide what to do when such
growths,often discovered by accident,appear in a scan.
High-tech（高技术的）X-rays called CT scans can detect tumors一but they see all sorts of other blobs
（模糊的一团）that are not tumors , and often the only way to tell the difference is to take a biopsy（活检）,
a dangerous procedure.
At the moment,routine lung cancer screening is considered impractical because of its high cost and
because too many healthy people are called back for further testing.
Good guidelines could help make lung cancer screening practical,Dr. Rob van Kiaveren of the Erasmus
Medical Center in Rotterdam,the Netherlands,who led the new study,said in a telephone interview.
The team looked at 7,557 people at high risk for lung cancer because they were current or former
smokers. All received multidetector（多层螺旋）CT scans that measured the size of any suspicious-looking
nodules.
Volunteers who had nodules over 9.7 mm in width,or had growth of 4. 6 mm that grew fast enough to more
than double in volume every 400 days,were sent for further testing. Of the 196 people who fell into that category,
70 were found to have lung cancer;10 additional cases were found years later.
But of the 7 ,361 who tested negative during screening,only 20 lung cancer cases later developed.
In a second round of screening done one year after the first,1.8 percent were sent to the doctor because they
had a nodule that was large or fast-growing. More than half turned out to have lung cancer.
The result means that if the screening test says you don't have lung cancer,you probably don't,the re-
searchers said."The chances of finding lung cancer one or two years after a negative first-round test were
1 in 1,000 and 3 in 1,000 respectively,"they concluded.
According to the passage,good guidelines for lung cancer screening__________.
A:are a little bit too costly
B:do not exist yet
C:are being implemented
D:have been developed
A:are a little bit too costly
B:do not exist yet
C:are being implemented
D:have been developed
参考答案
参考解析
解析：根据第一段的叙述可知，肺部扫描发现的小的、生长缓慢的结节在接下来的两年里不 会发展成肿瘤，因此活检或进一步的检查是不必要的。
选项A、B、D在文中第三段和第八段中提到过，而选项C所讲的159 000人被确诊为肺 癌不符合第二段中提及的159 000人死于肺癌的事实。
根据文章第四段中“The work is part of a larger effort to develop guidelines to help doctors decide...”可知，专家们正在发展和完善对医生的指导方针。
根据文章第十一段可知，A项正确、B项错误；由第八段中“…7 ,557 people at high risk" 可知C项正确；由第八段“The team looked at 7 , 557 people”和第十段“7 , 361 who tested nega- tive”可知D项正确。
根据最后一段，我们知道这个患病比率在专家眼里是非常小的，如果首次检查表明你 没有患肺癌，你就很可能不会得肺癌。
选项A、B、D在文中第三段和第八段中提到过，而选项C所讲的159 000人被确诊为肺 癌不符合第二段中提及的159 000人死于肺癌的事实。
根据文章第四段中“The work is part of a larger effort to develop guidelines to help doctors decide...”可知，专家们正在发展和完善对医生的指导方针。
根据文章第十一段可知，A项正确、B项错误；由第八段中“…7 ,557 people at high risk" 可知C项正确；由第八段“The team looked at 7 , 557 people”和第十段“7 , 361 who tested nega- tive”可知D项正确。
根据最后一段，我们知道这个患病比率在专家眼里是非常小的，如果首次检查表明你 没有患肺癌，你就很可能不会得肺癌。
更多 “共用题干 第二篇CT Scans and Lung CancerSmall or slow-growing nodules（小结节）discovered on a lung scan are unlikely to develop into tumors over the next two years,researchers reported on Wednesday.The findings,reported in the New England Journal of Medicine,could help doctors decide when to do more aggressive testing for lung cancer. They could also help patients avoid unnecessarily aggressive andpotentially harmful testing when lesions（损伤）are found.Lung cancer,the biggest cancer killer in the United States and globally,is often not diagnosed until it has spread. It kills 159,000 people a year in the United States alone.The work is part of a larger effort to develop guidelines to help doctors decide what to do when such growths,often discovered by accident,appear in a scan.High-tech（高技术的）X-rays called CT scans can detect tumors一but they see all sorts of other blobs （模糊的一团）that are not tumors , and often the only way to tell the difference is to take a biopsy（活检）, a dangerous procedure.At the moment,routine lung cancer screening is considered impractical because of its high cost and because too many healthy people are called back for further testing.Good guidelines could help make lung cancer screening practical,Dr. Rob van Kiaveren of the Erasmus Medical Center in Rotterdam,the Netherlands,who led the new study,said in a telephone interview.The team looked at 7,557 people at high risk for lung cancer because they were current or former smokers. All received multidetector（多层螺旋）CT scans that measured the size of any suspicious-looking nodules.Volunteers who had nodules over 9.7 mm in width,or had growth of 4. 6 mm that grew fast enough to more than double in volume every 400 days,were sent for further testing. Of the 196 people who fell into that category, 70 were found to have lung cancer;10 additional cases were found years later.But of the 7 ,361 who tested negative during screening,only 20 lung cancer cases later developed.In a second round of screening done one year after the first,1.8 percent were sent to the doctor because they had a nodule that was large or fast-growing. More than half turned out to have lung cancer.The result means that if the screening test says you don't have lung cancer,you probably don't,the re- searchers said."The chances of finding lung cancer one or two years after a negative first-round test were 1 in 1,000 and 3 in 1,000 respectively,"they concluded.According to the passage,good guidelines for lung cancer screening__________.A:are a little bit too costly B:do not exist yetC:are being implementedD:have been developed” 相关考题
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The new multipurpose gymnasium is reported to _______ within two years.A. have completedB. have been completedC. having completedD. having been completed
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Lung Cancer1 The death rate due to cancer of the lungs has increased more than 800 percent in males and has more than doubled in females during the last 25 years.It is considerably higher in urban and industrial areas than in rural districts.There are many possible causes,but it is still controversial which are most blameworthy.Those factors which have been mentioned most frequently are the presence of foreign particles and other irritants in the air(smoke particles,smog,exhaust fumes),and the smoking of cigarettes and cigars.2 Numerous studies have demonstrated a striking correlation between the death rate from lung cancer and smoking habits.Among heavy smokers-21 to 30 cigarettes per day-the mortality rate from lung cancer is nearly 17 times the rate from nonsmokers.It is expected the death rate among women will increase as the present high rate of smoking among women has its effect.3 Sometimes cases of lung cancer are discovered at the time an X-ray is taken for the purpose of detecting tuberculosis.Too often,however,a current emphasis upon the danger of exposure to radiation from x-ray machines can frighten people away from routine chest X-rays and thus prevent an early diagnosis of lung cancer.Early detection is absolutely essential if any possibility of cure is to be maintained.Modern X-ray machines in competent hands pose such slight danger,at least to those over 40 years of age,that this would be much more than offset by the advantages of discovering a tumor while it is small enough to be completely removed.4 A common form of lung cancer is bronchogenic carcinoma,so-called because the malignancy originates in a bronchus.The tumor may grow until the bronchus is blocked,cutting off the supply of air to that lung.The lung then collapses,and the secretions trapped in the lung spaces become infected,with a resulting pneumonia or the formation of a lung abscess.Such a lung cancer can also spread to cause secondary growths in the lymph nodes of the chest and neck as well as in the brain and other parts of the body.The only treatment that offers a possibility of cure,before secondary growths have had time to form,is to remove the lung completely.This operation is called pneumonectomy.5 Malignant tumors of the stomach,the breast,the prostate gland and other organs may spread to the lungs,causing secondary growths.People are still not sure______.A:before the cancer cells spread elsewhereB:the more chances of dying of X-ray radiation he will haveC:what is most responsible for lung cancerD:as some people imagineE:the more chances of getting lung cancer he will haveF:which form of lung cancer is a common one
考题
共用题干
Promising Results From Cancer StudyA new experimental vaccine（疫苗）has shown promising results in the fight against lung cancer. In a small Texas-based study,a vaccine developed by scientists at Baylor University Medical Centre in Dallas, USA,cured lung cancer in some patients and slowed the progress of the disease in others.Researchers have reported encouraging findings from this small study.Forty-three patients suffering fromlung cancer were involved in these trials.Ten of these patients were in the early stages and thirty-three in the advanced stages of the disease.They were injected with the vaccine every two weeks for three months,and were carefully monitored for three years.In three of the patients in the advanced stages of cancer,the disease disappeared and in the others,it did not spread for five to twenty-four months.However,no great difference was seen in the patients in the early stages of the illness.This new vaccine uses the patient's own immune system.It is made specifically for each patient and is injected into the arm or leg. It stimulates（刺激）the body' s immune system, which then recognizes that the cancer cells are harmful,and attacks and destroys them.The vaccine could be effective against other forms of cancer. It offers great hope for the treatment of cancer in general,although further studies are needed before such treatment can be widely used.Patients in the early stages of the disease recovered more quickly in the trial.A:RightB:WrongC:Not mentioned
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共用题干
Promising Results From Cancer StudyA new experimental vaccine（疫苗）has shown promising results in the fight against lung cancer. In a small Texas-based study,a vaccine developed by scientists at Baylor University Medical Centre in Dallas, USA,cured lung cancer in some patients and slowed the progress of the disease in others.Researchers have reported encouraging findings from this small study.Forty-three patients suffering fromlung cancer were involved in these trials.Ten of these patients were in the early stages and thirty-three in the advanced stages of the disease.They were injected with the vaccine every two weeks for three months,and were carefully monitored for three years.In three of the patients in the advanced stages of cancer,the disease disappeared and in the others,it did not spread for five to twenty-four months.However,no great difference was seen in the patients in the early stages of the illness.This new vaccine uses the patient's own immune system.It is made specifically for each patient and is injected into the arm or leg. It stimulates（刺激）the body' s immune system, which then recognizes that the cancer cells are harmful,and attacks and destroys them.The vaccine could be effective against other forms of cancer. It offers great hope for the treatment of cancer in general,although further studies are needed before such treatment can be widely used.Over forty people participated in the study.A:RightB:WrongC:Not mentioned
考题
共用题干
Lung Cancer1 The death rate due to cancer of the lungs has increased more than 800 percent in males and has more than doubled in females during the last 25 years.It is considerably higher in urban and industrial areas than in rural districts.There are many possible causes,but it is still controversial which are most blameworthy.Those factors which have been mentioned most frequently are the presence of foreign particles and other irritants in the air(smoke particles,smog,exhaust fumes),and the smoking of cigarettes and cigars.2 Numerous studies have demonstrated a striking correlation between the death rate from lung cancer and smoking habits.Among heavy smokers-21 to 30 cigarettes per day-the mortality rate from lung cancer is nearly 17 times the rate from nonsmokers.It is expected the death rate among women will increase as the present high rate of smoking among women has its effect.3 Sometimes cases of lung cancer are discovered at the time an X-ray is taken for the purpose of detecting tuberculosis.Too often,however,a current emphasis upon the danger of exposure to radiation from x-ray machines can frighten people away from routine chest X-rays and thus prevent an early diagnosis of lung cancer.Early detection is absolutely essential if any possibility of cure is to be maintained.Modern X-ray machines in competent hands pose such slight danger,at least to those over 40 years of age,that this would be much more than offset by the advantages of discovering a tumor while it is small enough to be completely removed.4 A common form of lung cancer is bronchogenic carcinoma,so-called because the malignancy originates in a bronchus.The tumor may grow until the bronchus is blocked,cutting off the supply of air to that lung.The lung then collapses,and the secretions trapped in the lung spaces become infected,with a resulting pneumonia or the formation of a lung abscess.Such a lung cancer can also spread to cause secondary growths in the lymph nodes of the chest and neck as well as in the brain and other parts of the body.The only treatment that offers a possibility of cure,before secondary growths have had time to form,is to remove the lung completely.This operation is called pneumonectomy.5 Malignant tumors of the stomach,the breast,the prostate gland and other organs may spread to the lungs,causing secondary growths.Paragraph 3______A:Common Secondary Lung CancersB:The Advantages Brought About by Routine Chest CheckupC:Relationship Between Mortality Rate From Lung Cancer and Smoking HabitsD:Operable and Inoperable Lung CancersE:The Increasing Death Rate From Lung Cancer and Possible Causes F:An Ordinary Type of Lung Cancer
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Warm People Likely to Keep Cold at BayStaying positive through the cold season could be your best defense.against getting ill,new study findings suggest.In an experiment that exposed healthy volunteers to a cold or flu virus,researchers found that people with a generally sunny disposition were less likely to fall ill.The findings,published in the journal Psychosomatic Medicine,build on evidence that a"positive emotional style"can help ward off the common cold and other illnesses.Researchers believe the reasons may be both objective as in happiness boosting immune function and subjective as in happy people being less trou- bled by a scratchy throat or runny nose."People with a positive emotional style may have different immune responses to the virus,"explained lead study author Dr.Sheldon Cohen of Carnegie Mellon University in Pittsburgh."And when they do get a cold,they may interpret their illness as being less severe."Cohen and his colleagues had found in a previous study that happier people seemed less susceptible to catching a cold,but some questions remained as to whether the emotional trait itself had the effect.For the new study,the researchers had 193 healthy adults complete standard measures of personality traits,self-perceived health and emotional"style".Those who tended to be happy,energetic and easy-going were judged as having a positive emotional style,while those who were often unhappy,tense and hostile had a negative style.The researchers gave them nasal drops containing either a cold virus or a particular flu virus.Over the next six days,the volunteers reported on any aches,pains,sneezing or congestion they had,while the researchers collected objective data,like daily mucus production.Cohen and his colleagues found that based on objective measures of nasal woes,happy people were less likely to develop a cold.The researchers test their volunteers by giving everyone a medicine that help lessen the probability of catching cold.A:RightB:Wrong C:Not mentioned
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共用题干
Cloning（克隆）:Future Perlect?1 A clone is an exact copy of a plant or animal produced from any one cell.Since Scottish scientists reported that they had managed to clone a sheep named Dolly in 1997,research into cloning has grown rapidly.In May 1998,scientists in Massachusetts managed to create two identical calves（牛犊）using cloning technology. A mouse has also been cloned successfully.But the debate over cloning humans really started when Chicago physicist Richard Seed made a surprising announcement:"We will have managed to clone a human being within the next two years."he told the world.2 Seed's announcement provoked a lot of media attention,most of it negative,In Europe, nineteen nations have already signed an agreement banning human cloning and in the U.S. the President announced:"We will be introducing a law to ban all human cloning and many states in the U. S. will have passed anti-cloning laws by the end of the year."3 Many researchers are not so negative about cloning.They are worried that laws banning human cloning will threaten important research.In March,The New England Journal of Medicine called any plan to ban research on cloning humans seriously mistaken.Many researchers also believe that in spite of attempts to ban it,human cloning will have become routine by 2010 because it is impossible to stop the progress of science.4 Is there reason to fear that cloning will lead to a nightmare world?The public has been bombarded（轰炸）with newspaper articles, television shows and films, as well as cartoons.Such information is often misleading,and makes people wonder what on earth the scientists will be doing next.5 Within the next five to ten years scientists will probably have found a way of cloning humans.It could be that pretty soon we will be able to choose the person that we want our child to look like,But how would it feel to be a clone among hundreds,the anti-cloners ask. Pretty cool, answer the pro-cloners（赞成克隆的人）.Within ten years scientists wil!probably have_______.A:the nucleus of a cellB:cloned human beingsC:a human being in two yearsD:a law to ban human cloningE:a report on human cloningF:heavy media coverage
考题
共用题干
Cloning（克隆）:Future Perlect?1 A clone is an exact copy of a plant or animal produced from any one cell.Since Scottish scientists reported that they had managed to clone a sheep named Dolly in 1997,research into cloning has grown rapidly.In May 1998,scientists in Massachusetts managed to create two identical calves（牛犊）using cloning technology. A mouse has also been cloned successfully.But the debate over cloning humans really started when Chicago physicist Richard Seed made a surprising announcement:"We will have managed to clone a human being within the next two years."he told the world.2 Seed's announcement provoked a lot of media attention,most of it negative,In Europe, nineteen nations have already signed an agreement banning human cloning and in the U.S. the President announced:"We will be introducing a law to ban all human cloning and many states in the U. S. will have passed anti-cloning laws by the end of the year."3 Many researchers are not so negative about cloning.They are worried that laws banning human cloning will threaten important research.In March,The New England Journal of Medicine called any plan to ban research on cloning humans seriously mistaken.Many researchers also believe that in spite of attempts to ban it,human cloning will have become routine by 2010 because it is impossible to stop the progress of science.4 Is there reason to fear that cloning will lead to a nightmare world?The public has been bombarded（轰炸）with newspaper articles, television shows and films, as well as cartoons.Such information is often misleading,and makes people wonder what on earth the scientists will be doing next.5 Within the next five to ten years scientists will probably have found a way of cloning humans.It could be that pretty soon we will be able to choose the person that we want our child to look like,But how would it feel to be a clone among hundreds,the anti-cloners ask. Pretty cool, answer the pro-cloners（赞成克隆的人）.Richard Seed's announcement received_______.A:the nucleus of a cellB:cloned human beingsC:a human being in two yearsD:a law to ban human cloningE:a report on human cloningF:heavy media coverage
考题
共用题干
Cloning（克隆）:Future Perlect?1 A clone is an exact copy of a plant or animal produced from any one cell.Since Scottish scientists reported that they had managed to clone a sheep named Dolly in 1997,research into cloning has grown rapidly.In May 1998,scientists in Massachusetts managed to create two identical calves（牛犊）using cloning technology. A mouse has also been cloned successfully.But the debate over cloning humans really started when Chicago physicist Richard Seed made a surprising announcement:"We will have managed to clone a human being within the next two years."he told the world.2 Seed's announcement provoked a lot of media attention,most of it negative,In Europe, nineteen nations have already signed an agreement banning human cloning and in the U.S. the President announced:"We will be introducing a law to ban all human cloning and many states in the U. S. will have passed anti-cloning laws by the end of the year."3 Many researchers are not so negative about cloning.They are worried that laws banning human cloning will threaten important research.In March,The New England Journal of Medicine called any plan to ban research on cloning humans seriously mistaken.Many researchers also believe that in spite of attempts to ban it,human cloning will have become routine by 2010 because it is impossible to stop the progress of science.4 Is there reason to fear that cloning will lead to a nightmare world?The public has been bombarded（轰炸）with newspaper articles, television shows and films, as well as cartoons.Such information is often misleading,and makes people wonder what on earth the scientists will be doing next.5 Within the next five to ten years scientists will probably have found a way of cloning humans.It could be that pretty soon we will be able to choose the person that we want our child to look like,But how would it feel to be a clone among hundreds,the anti-cloners ask. Pretty cool, answer the pro-cloners（赞成克隆的人）.Paragraph 2________A:Strong reactionsB:Anxiety about the future if cloningC:The right to chooseD:What id cloning?E:Arguments in favor of cloningF:A common sight
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共用题干
Cooking Oil Fumes Cause TumorThe leading cause of lung cancer among women in the city was cooking oil fumes while men are more likely to develop the disease from smoking,said medical experts after a five-year research study.Doctors announced the results yesterday with analysis on some new tendencies in lung cancer. They said patients are younger,especially women.According to the Shanghai Tumor research Institute,more local residents die of lung cancer in the city than anything else.Following breast cancer,it has the second-highest incidence rate.“An unhealthy lifestyle is a very important reason for lung cancer,”said Dr He Yumin from Shanghai Minshen Traditional Chinese Medicine Tumor Diagnosis and Treatment Center.He followed 2,276 lung cancer patients for five years.Among them,1,483 were male.Smoking causes 70 percent of cases among men while only 18 percent of female patients developed cancer from smoking or inhaling second-hand smoke,according to the report.However,more than 60 percent of women with the disease had long term,close contact with strong oil fumes from cooking and complained about irritated eyes and throat.About 32 percent of women fried foods in boiling oil in unventilated kitchens and about 25 percent of women's bedrooms were adjacent to the kitchen.However,local women were surprised to learn cooking oil fumes could lead to cancer.Some claimed they may change food preparation methods.“Unless my family and I don't eat at home every day,I must stay in the kitchen to cook,”said Xu Li,a 45-year-old local woman. “I know the fumes are bad for the skin,but it is the first time I heard that it can result in lung cancer. I have already started frying less.”Doctors said women's lung cancer had few links to personal health and physical condition,but was closely related to family cancer history,unhealthy dietary habits and weak immune systems.Other experts agreed with him.“Smoking is by far the biggest cause of lung cancer for men,”said Dr Tan Binyong, honorary president of the Respiratory Disease Institute at Fudan University's Medical College.“It's true that second-hand smoke and cooking fumes are the main causes among women.”His research also warned people not to stand near of stalls selling fried foods due to the poor quality of oils used.The chance of catching lung cancer is three times higher if exposed to the fume for a long time,6 experts said.What a new tendency in lung cancer is concluded by the researchers?A: Men are more likely to develop lung cancer than women.B: Women are more likely to develop lung cancer than men.C: Patients with lung cancer become older,especially males.D: Patients with lung cancer become younger,especially females.
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Promising Resnlts from Cancer StudyA new experimental vaccine（疫苗）has shown promising results in the fight against lung cancer.In a small Texas-based study,a vaccine developed by scientists at Baylor University Medical Centre in Dallas,USA,cured lung cancer in some patients and slowed the progress of the disease in others.Researchers have reported encouraging findings from this small study.Forty一three patients suffering from lung cancer were involved in these trials.Ten of these patients were in the early stages and thirty-three in tho advanced stages of the disease.They were injected with the vaccine every two weeks for three months,and were carefully monitored for three years.In three of the patients in the advanced stages of cancer,the disease disappeared and in the others,it did not spread for five to twenty-four months.However,no great difference was seen in the patients in the early stages of the illness.This new vaccine uses the patient's own immune system.It is made specifically for each patient and is injected into the arm or leg.It stimulates（刺激）the body's immune system, which then recognizes that the cancer cells are harmful,and attacks and destroys them.The vaccine could be effective against other forms of cancer.It offers great hope for the treatment of cancer in general,although further studies are needed before such treatment can be widely used.All the patients were from Dallas.A:RightB:WrongC:Not mentioned
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共用题干
第二篇CT Scans and Lung CancerSmall or slow-growing nodules（小结节）discovered on a lung scan are unlikely to develop into tumors over the next two years,researchers reported on Wednesday.The findings,reported in the New England Journal of Medicine,could help doctors decide when to do more aggressive testing for lung cancer. They could also help patients avoid unnecessarily aggressive andpotentially harmful testing when lesions（损伤）are found.Lung cancer,the biggest cancer killer in the United States and globally,is often not diagnosed until it has spread. It kills 159,000 people a year in the United States alone.The work is part of a larger effort to develop guidelines to help doctors decide what to do when such growths,often discovered by accident,appear in a scan.High-tech（高技术的）X-rays called CT scans can detect tumors一but they see all sorts of other blobs （模糊的一团）that are not tumors , and often the only way to tell the difference is to take a biopsy（活检）, a dangerous procedure.At the moment,routine lung cancer screening is considered impractical because of its high cost and because too many healthy people are called back for further testing.Good guidelines could help make lung cancer screening practical,Dr. Rob van Kiaveren of the Erasmus Medical Center in Rotterdam,the Netherlands,who led the new study,said in a telephone interview.The team looked at 7,557 people at high risk for lung cancer because they were current or former smokers. All received multidetector（多层螺旋）CT scans that measured the size of any suspicious-looking nodules.Volunteers who had nodules over 9.7 mm in width,or had growth of 4. 6 mm that grew fast enough to more than double in volume every 400 days,were sent for further testing. Of the 196 people who fell into that category, 70 were found to have lung cancer;10 additional cases were found years later.But of the 7 ,361 who tested negative during screening,only 20 lung cancer cases later developed.In a second round of screening done one year after the first,1.8 percent were sent to the doctor because they had a nodule that was large or fast-growing. More than half turned out to have lung cancer.The result means that if the screening test says you don't have lung cancer,you probably don't,the re- searchers said."The chances of finding lung cancer one or two years after a negative first-round test were 1 in 1,000 and 3 in 1,000 respectively,"they concluded.The new study indicates that in case of small or slow-growing lung nodules__________.A:you cannot be too careful B:cancer is just a matter of timeC:a biopsy is unnecessaryD:more aggressive testing is a must
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第二篇CT Scans and Lung CancerSmall or slow-growing nodules（小结节）discovered on a lung scan are unlikely to develop into tumors over the next two years,researchers reported on Wednesday.The findings,reported in the New England Journal of Medicine,could help doctors decide when to do more aggressive testing for lung cancer. They could also help patients avoid unnecessarily aggressive andpotentially harmful testing when lesions（损伤）are found.Lung cancer,the biggest cancer killer in the United States and globally,is often not diagnosed until it has spread. It kills 159,000 people a year in the United States alone.The work is part of a larger effort to develop guidelines to help doctors decide what to do when such growths,often discovered by accident,appear in a scan.High-tech（高技术的）X-rays called CT scans can detect tumors一but they see all sorts of other blobs （模糊的一团）that are not tumors , and often the only way to tell the difference is to take a biopsy（活检）, a dangerous procedure.At the moment,routine lung cancer screening is considered impractical because of its high cost and because too many healthy people are called back for further testing.Good guidelines could help make lung cancer screening practical,Dr. Rob van Kiaveren of the Erasmus Medical Center in Rotterdam,the Netherlands,who led the new study,said in a telephone interview.The team looked at 7,557 people at high risk for lung cancer because they were current or former smokers. All received multidetector（多层螺旋）CT scans that measured the size of any suspicious-looking nodules.Volunteers who had nodules over 9.7 mm in width,or had growth of 4. 6 mm that grew fast enough to more than double in volume every 400 days,were sent for further testing. Of the 196 people who fell into that category, 70 were found to have lung cancer;10 additional cases were found years later.But of the 7 ,361 who tested negative during screening,only 20 lung cancer cases later developed.In a second round of screening done one year after the first,1.8 percent were sent to the doctor because they had a nodule that was large or fast-growing. More than half turned out to have lung cancer.The result means that if the screening test says you don't have lung cancer,you probably don't,the re- searchers said."The chances of finding lung cancer one or two years after a negative first-round test were 1 in 1,000 and 3 in 1,000 respectively,"they concluded.All the following statements are true EXCEPT__________.A:a relatively small number of the volunteers had large or fast-growing nodulesB:almost all those with large or fast-growing nodules were found to have lung cancerC:all the volunteers were at high risk for lung cancerD:most of the volunteers tested negative during screening
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Promising Resnlts from Cancer StudyA new experimental vaccine（疫苗）has shown promising results in the fight against lung cancer.In a small Texas-based study,a vaccine developed by scientists at Baylor University Medical Centre in Dallas,USA,cured lung cancer in some patients and slowed the progress of the disease in others.Researchers have reported encouraging findings from this small study.Forty一three patients suffering from lung cancer were involved in these trials.Ten of these patients were in the early stages and thirty-three in tho advanced stages of the disease.They were injected with the vaccine every two weeks for three months,and were carefully monitored for three years.In three of the patients in the advanced stages of cancer,the disease disappeared and in the others,it did not spread for five to twenty-four months.However,no great difference was seen in the patients in the early stages of the illness.This new vaccine uses the patient's own immune system.It is made specifically for each patient and is injected into the arm or leg.It stimulates（刺激）the body's immune system, which then recognizes that the cancer cells are harmful,and attacks and destroys them.The vaccine could be effective against other forms of cancer.It offers great hope for the treatment of cancer in general,although further studies are needed before such treatment can be widely used.Over forty people participated in the study.A:RightB:WrongC:Not mentioned
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Promising Resnlts from Cancer StudyA new experimental vaccine（疫苗）has shown promising results in the fight against lung cancer.In a small Texas-based study,a vaccine developed by scientists at Baylor University Medical Centre in Dallas,USA,cured lung cancer in some patients and slowed the progress of the disease in others.Researchers have reported encouraging findings from this small study.Forty一three patients suffering from lung cancer were involved in these trials.Ten of these patients were in the early stages and thirty-three in tho advanced stages of the disease.They were injected with the vaccine every two weeks for three months,and were carefully monitored for three years.In three of the patients in the advanced stages of cancer,the disease disappeared and in the others,it did not spread for five to twenty-four months.However,no great difference was seen in the patients in the early stages of the illness.This new vaccine uses the patient's own immune system.It is made specifically for each patient and is injected into the arm or leg.It stimulates（刺激）the body's immune system, which then recognizes that the cancer cells are harmful,and attacks and destroys them.The vaccine could be effective against other forms of cancer.It offers great hope for the treatment of cancer in general,although further studies are needed before such treatment can be widely used.The vaccine may be useful for treating other cancers.A:RightB:WrongC:Not mentioned
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第二篇CT Scans and Lung CancerSmall or slow-growing nodules（小结节）discovered on a lung scan are unlikely to develop into tumors over the next two years,researchers reported on Wednesday.The findings,reported in the New England Journal of Medicine,could help doctors decide when to do more aggressive testing for lung cancer. They could also help patients avoid unnecessarily aggressive andpotentially harmful testing when lesions（损伤）are found.Lung cancer,the biggest cancer killer in the United States and globally,is often not diagnosed until it has spread. It kills 159,000 people a year in the United States alone.The work is part of a larger effort to develop guidelines to help doctors decide what to do when such growths,often discovered by accident,appear in a scan.High-tech（高技术的）X-rays called CT scans can detect tumors一but they see all sorts of other blobs （模糊的一团）that are not tumors , and often the only way to tell the difference is to take a biopsy（活检）, a dangerous procedure.At the moment,routine lung cancer screening is considered impractical because of its high cost and because too many healthy people are called back for further testing.Good guidelines could help make lung cancer screening practical,Dr. Rob van Kiaveren of the Erasmus Medical Center in Rotterdam,the Netherlands,who led the new study,said in a telephone interview.The team looked at 7,557 people at high risk for lung cancer because they were current or former smokers. All received multidetector（多层螺旋）CT scans that measured the size of any suspicious-looking nodules.Volunteers who had nodules over 9.7 mm in width,or had growth of 4. 6 mm that grew fast enough to more than double in volume every 400 days,were sent for further testing. Of the 196 people who fell into that category, 70 were found to have lung cancer;10 additional cases were found years later.But of the 7 ,361 who tested negative during screening,only 20 lung cancer cases later developed.In a second round of screening done one year after the first,1.8 percent were sent to the doctor because they had a nodule that was large or fast-growing. More than half turned out to have lung cancer.The result means that if the screening test says you don't have lung cancer,you probably don't,the re- searchers said."The chances of finding lung cancer one or two years after a negative first-round test were 1 in 1,000 and 3 in 1,000 respectively,"they concluded.Which is probably NOT true of lung cancer?A:Smokers are usually considered to be at high risk for it.B:It is the leading cause of cancer deaths around the world.C:159,000 new cases of it are diagnosed in the U.S.each year.D:It often goes unnoticed until it has spread.
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第二篇CT Scans and Lung CancerSmall or slow-growing nodules（小结节）discovered on a lung scan are unlikely to develop into tumors over the next two years,researchers reported on Wednesday.The findings,reported in the New England Journal of Medicine,could help doctors decide when to do more aggressive testing for lung cancer. They could also help patients avoid unnecessarily aggressive andpotentially harmful testing when lesions（损伤）are found.Lung cancer,the biggest cancer killer in the United States and globally,is often not diagnosed until it has spread. It kills 159,000 people a year in the United States alone.The work is part of a larger effort to develop guidelines to help doctors decide what to do when such growths,often discovered by accident,appear in a scan.High-tech（高技术的）X-rays called CT scans can detect tumors一but they see all sorts of other blobs （模糊的一团）that are not tumors , and often the only way to tell the difference is to take a biopsy（活检）, a dangerous procedure.At the moment,routine lung cancer screening is considered impractical because of its high cost and because too many healthy people are called back for further testing.Good guidelines could help make lung cancer screening practical,Dr. Rob van Kiaveren of the Erasmus Medical Center in Rotterdam,the Netherlands,who led the new study,said in a telephone interview.The team looked at 7,557 people at high risk for lung cancer because they were current or former smokers. All received multidetector（多层螺旋）CT scans that measured the size of any suspicious-looking nodules.Volunteers who had nodules over 9.7 mm in width,or had growth of 4. 6 mm that grew fast enough to more than double in volume every 400 days,were sent for further testing. Of the 196 people who fell into that category, 70 were found to have lung cancer;10 additional cases were found years later.But of the 7 ,361 who tested negative during screening,only 20 lung cancer cases later developed.In a second round of screening done one year after the first,1.8 percent were sent to the doctor because they had a nodule that was large or fast-growing. More than half turned out to have lung cancer.The result means that if the screening test says you don't have lung cancer,you probably don't,the re- searchers said."The chances of finding lung cancer one or two years after a negative first-round test were 1 in 1,000 and 3 in 1,000 respectively,"they concluded.In the eyes of the researchers,the percentages given in the last paragraph__________.A:are somewhat inaccurateB:are pretty smallC:are rather highD:are quite unbelievable
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Cloning（克隆）:Future Pertect?1 A clone is an exact copy of a plant or animal produced from any one cell.Since Scottish scientists reported that they had managed to clone a sheep named Dolly in 1997,research into cloning has grown rapidly.In May 1998,scientists in Massachusetts managed to create two identical calves（牛犊）using cloning technology. A mouse has also been cloned successfully.But the debate over cloning humans really started when Chicago physicist Richard Seed made a surprising announcement:"We will have managed to clonen a human being within the next two years."he told the world.2 Seed's announcement provoked a lot of media attention,most of it negative.In Europe, nineteen nations have already signed an agreement banning human cloning and in the U.S. the President announced:"We will be introducing a law to ban all human cloning and many states in the U.S. will have passed anti-cloning laws by the end of the year."3 Many researchers are not so negative about cloning.They are worried that laws banning human cloning will threaten important research.In March,The New England Joumal of Medicine called any plan to ban research on cloning humans seriously mistaken.Many researchers also believe that in spite of attempts to ban it,human cloning will have become routine by 2010 because it is impossible to stop the progress of science.4 Is there reason to fear that cloning will lead to a nightmare world?The public has been bombarded（轰炸）with newspaper articles , television shows and films , as well as cartoons.Such information is often misleading,and makes people wonder what on earth the scientists will be doing next.5 Within the next five to ten years scientists will probably have found a way of cioning humans.It could be that pretty soon we will be able to choose the person that we want our child to look like.But how would it feel to be a clone among hundreds,the anti-cloners ask. Pretty cool , answer the pro-cloners（赞成克隆的人）. Within ten years scientists will probably have______.A:the nucleus of a cellB:cloned human beingsC:a human being in two yearsD:a law to ban human cloningE:a report on human cloningF:heavy media coverage
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Cloning（克隆）:Future Pertect?1 A clone is an exact copy of a plant or animal produced from any one cell.Since Scottish scientists reported that they had managed to clone a sheep named Dolly in 1997,research into cloning has grown rapidly.In May 1998,scientists in Massachusetts managed to create two identical calves（牛犊）using cloning technology. A mouse has also been cloned successfully.But the debate over cloning humans really started when Chicago physicist Richard Seed made a surprising announcement:"We will have managed to clonen a human being within the next two years."he told the world.2 Seed's announcement provoked a lot of media attention,most of it negative.In Europe, nineteen nations have already signed an agreement banning human cloning and in the U.S. the President announced:"We will be introducing a law to ban all human cloning and many states in the U.S. will have passed anti-cloning laws by the end of the year."3 Many researchers are not so negative about cloning.They are worried that laws banning human cloning will threaten important research.In March,The New England Joumal of Medicine called any plan to ban research on cloning humans seriously mistaken.Many researchers also believe that in spite of attempts to ban it,human cloning will have become routine by 2010 because it is impossible to stop the progress of science.4 Is there reason to fear that cloning will lead to a nightmare world?The public has been bombarded（轰炸）with newspaper articles , television shows and films , as well as cartoons.Such information is often misleading,and makes people wonder what on earth the scientists will be doing next.5 Within the next five to ten years scientists will probably have found a way of cioning humans.It could be that pretty soon we will be able to choose the person that we want our child to look like.But how would it feel to be a clone among hundreds,the anti-cloners ask. Pretty cool , answer the pro-cloners（赞成克隆的人）. Richard Seed's announcement received_________.A:the nucleus of a cellB:cloned human beingsC:a human being in two yearsD:a law to ban human cloningE:a report on human cloningF:heavy media coverage
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Lung CancerThe death rate due to cancer of the lungs has increased more than 800 percent in males and has more than doubled in females during the last 25 years.It is considerably higher in urban and industrial areas than in rural districts._________(46)Those factors which have been mentioned most frequently are the presence of foreign particles and other irritants in the air(smoke particles, smog,exhaust fumes),and the smoking of cigarettes and cigars._________(47)Among heavy smokers—21 to 30 cigarettes per day—the mortality rate from lung cancer is nearly 17 times the rate from nonsmokers.It is expected the death rate among women will increase as the present high rate of smoking among women has its effect.Sometimes cases of lung cancer are discovered at the time an X-ray is taken for the purpose of detecting tuberculosis._________(48)Early detection is absolutely essential if any possibility of cure is to be maintained.Modern X-ray machines in competent hands pose such slight danger, at least to those over 40 years of age,that this would be much more than offset by the advantages of discovering a tumor while it is small enough to be completely removed._________(49)The tumor may grow until the bronchus is blocked,cutting off the supply of air to that lung.The lung then collapses,and the secretions trapped in the lung spaces become in-fected,with a resulting pneumonia or the formation of a lung abscess._________(50)The only treatment that offers a possibility of cure,before secondary growths have had time to form,is to re-move the lung completely.This operation is called pneumonectomy.Malignant tumors of the stomach,the breast,the prostate gland and other organs may spread to the lungs,causing secondary growths._________(46)A: A common form of lung cancer is bronchogenic carcinoma,so-called because the malig-nancy originates in a bronchus.B: Lung cancer,also known as carcinoma of the lung or pulmonary carcinoma,is a malignant lung tumor characterized by uncontrolled cell growth in tissues of the lung.C: Too often,however,a current emphasis upon the danger of exposure to radiation from X-ray machines can frighten people away from routine chest X-rays and thus prevent an ear-ly diagnosis of lung cancer.D: Numerous studies have demonstrated a striking correlation between the death rate from lung cancer and smoking habits.E: Such a lung cancer can also spread to cause secondary growths in the lymph nodes of the chest and neck as well as in the brain and other parts of the body.F:.There are many possible causes,but it is still controversial which are most blameworthy.
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Warm People Likely to Keep Cold at BayStaying positive through the cold season could be your best defense against getting ill,new study findings suggest.In an experiment that exposed healthy volunteers to a cold or flu virus,researchers found that people with a generally sunny disposition were less likely to fall ill.The findings,published in the journal Psychosomatic Medicine,build on evidence that a"positive emotional style"can help ward off the common cold and other illnesses.Researchers believe the reasons may be both objective as in happiness boosting immune function and subjective as in happy people being less troubled by a scratchy throat or runny nose?"People with a positive emotional style may have different immune responses to the virus,"explained lead study author Dr Sheldon Cohen of Carnegie Mellon University in Pittsburgh."And when they do get a cold,they may interpret their illness as being less severe."Cohen and his colleagues had found in a previous study that happier people seemed less susceptible to catching a cold,but some questions remained as to whether the emotional trait itself had the effect.For the new study,the researchers had 193 healthy adults complete standard measures of personality traits,self-perceived health and emotional"style".Those who tended to be happy,energetic and easy-going were judged as having a positive emotional style,while those who were often unhappy,tense and hostile had a negative style.The researchers gave them nasal drops containing either a cold virus or a particular flu virus.Over the next six days,the volunteers reported on any aches,pains,sneezing or congestion they had,while the researchers collected objective data,like daily mucus production.Cohen and his colleagues found that based on objective measures of nasal woes,happy people were less likely to develop a cold.The reasons that happy people were less likely to develop a cold are based on subjective measure.A:Right B:Wrong C:Not mentioned
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Lung Cancer1 The death rate due to cancer of the lungs has increased more than 800 percent in males and has more than doubled in females during the last 25 years.It is considerably higher in urban and industrial areas than in rural districts.There are many possible causes,but it is still controversial which are most blamewor-thy.Those factors which have been mentioned most frequently are the presence of foreign particles and other irritants in the air(smoke particles,smog,exhaust fumes),and the smoking of cigarettes and cigars.2 Numerous studies have demonstrated a striking correlation between the death rate from lung cancer and smoking habits.Among heavy smokers-21 to 30 cigarettes per day-the mortality rate from lung cancer is nearly 17 times the rate from nonsmokers.It is expected that the death rate among women will increase as the present high rate of smoking among women has its effect.3 Sometimes cases of lung cancer are discovered at the time when an X-ray is taken for the purpose of detecting tuberculosis.Too often,however,a current emphasis upon the danger of exposure to radiation from X-ray machines can frighten people away from routine chest X-rays and thus prevent an early diagnosis of lung cancer.Early detection is absolutely essential if any possibility of cure is to be maintained.Modern X-ray machines in competent hands pose such slight danger,at least to those over 40 years of age,that this would be much more than offset by the advantages of discovering a tumor while it is small enough to be com-pletely removed.4 A common form of lung cancer is bronchogenic carcinoma,so-called because the malignancy originates in a bronchus.The tumor may grow until the bronchus is blocked,cutting off the supply of air to that lung.The lung then collapses,and the secretions trapped in the lung spaces become infected,with a re-sulting pneumonia or the formation of a lung abscess.Such a lung cancer can also spread to cause secondary growths in the lymph nodes of the chest and neck as well as in the brain and other parts of the body.The on-ly treatment that offers a possibility of cure,before secondary growths have time to form,is to remove the lung completely.This operation is called pneumonectomy.5 Malignant tumors of the stomach,the breast,the prostate gland and other organs may spread to the lungs,causing secondary growths.Paragraph2______ A:Common Secondary Lung CancersB:The Adwintages Brought About by Routine Chest CheckupC:Relationship Between Mortality Rate From Lung Cancer and Smoking HabitsD:Operable and Inoperable Lung CancersE:The Increasing Death Rate From Lung Cancer and Possible CausesF:An Ordinary Type of Lung Cancer
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Warm People Likely to Keep Cold at BayStaying positive through the cold season could be your best defense against getting ill,new study findings suggest.In an experiment that exposed healthy volunteers to a cold or flu virus,researchers found that people with a generally sunny disposition were less likely to fall ill.The findings,published in the journal Psychosomatic Medicine,build on evidence that a"positive emotional style"can help ward off the common cold and other illnesses.Researchers believe the reasons may be both objective as in happiness boosting immune function and subjective as in happy people being less troubled by a scratchy throat or runny nose?"People with a positive emotional style may have different immune responses to the virus,"explained lead study author Dr Sheldon Cohen of Carnegie Mellon University in Pittsburgh."And when they do get a cold,they may interpret their illness as being less severe."Cohen and his colleagues had found in a previous study that happier people seemed less susceptible to catching a cold,but some questions remained as to whether the emotional trait itself had the effect.For the new study,the researchers had 193 healthy adults complete standard measures of personality traits,self-perceived health and emotional"style".Those who tended to be happy,energetic and easy-going were judged as having a positive emotional style,while those who were often unhappy,tense and hostile had a negative style.The researchers gave them nasal drops containing either a cold virus or a particular flu virus.Over the next six days,the volunteers reported on any aches,pains,sneezing or congestion they had,while the researchers collected objective data,like daily mucus production.Cohen and his colleagues found that based on objective measures of nasal woes,happy people were less likely to develop a cold.The study inferred that there's no relations between positive emotional style and getting cold.A:Right B:Wrong C:Not mentioned
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Lung Cancer1 The death rate due to cancer of the lungs has increased more than 800 percent in males and has more than doubled in females during the last 25 years.It is considerably higher in urban and industrial areas than in rural districts.There are many possible causes,but it is still controversial which are most blamewor-thy.Those factors which have been mentioned most frequently are the presence of foreign particles and other irritants in the air(smoke particles,smog,exhaust fumes),and the smoking of cigarettes and cigars.2 Numerous studies have demonstrated a striking correlation between the death rate from lung cancer and smoking habits.Among heavy smokers-21 to 30 cigarettes per day-the mortality rate from lung cancer is nearly 17 times the rate from nonsmokers.It is expected that the death rate among women will increase as the present high rate of smoking among women has its effect.3 Sometimes cases of lung cancer are discovered at the time when an X-ray is taken for the purpose of detecting tuberculosis.Too often,however,a current emphasis upon the danger of exposure to radiation from X-ray machines can frighten people away from routine chest X-rays and thus prevent an early diagnosis of lung cancer.Early detection is absolutely essential if any possibility of cure is to be maintained.Modern X-ray machines in competent hands pose such slight danger,at least to those over 40 years of age,that this would be much more than offset by the advantages of discovering a tumor while it is small enough to be com-pletely removed.4 A common form of lung cancer is bronchogenic carcinoma,so-called because the malignancy originates in a bronchus.The tumor may grow until the bronchus is blocked,cutting off the supply of air to that lung.The lung then collapses,and the secretions trapped in the lung spaces become infected,with a re-sulting pneumonia or the formation of a lung abscess.Such a lung cancer can also spread to cause secondary growths in the lymph nodes of the chest and neck as well as in the brain and other parts of the body.The on-ly treatment that offers a possibility of cure,before secondary growths have time to form,is to remove the lung completely.This operation is called pneumonectomy.5 Malignant tumors of the stomach,the breast,the prostate gland and other organs may spread to the lungs,causing secondary growths.Routine X-ray chest examination is not so dangerous______.A:before the cancer cells spread elsewhereB:the more chances of dying of X-ray radiation he will haveC:what is most responsible for lung cancerD:as some people imagineE:the more chances of getting lung cancer he will have F:which form of lung cancer is a common one
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Warm People Likely to Keep Cold at BayStaying positive through the cold season could be your best defense against getting ill,new study findings suggest.In an experiment that exposed healthy volunteers to a cold or flu virus,researchers found that people with a generally sunny disposition were less likely to fall ill.The findings,published in the journal Psychosomatic Medicine,build on evidence that a"positive emotional style"can help ward off the common cold and other illnesses.Researchers believe the reasons may be both objective as in happiness boosting immune function and subjective as in happy people being less troubled by a scratchy throat or runny nose?"People with a positive emotional style may have different immune responses to the virus,"explained lead study author Dr Sheldon Cohen of Carnegie Mellon University in Pittsburgh."And when they do get a cold,they may interpret their illness as being less severe."Cohen and his colleagues had found in a previous study that happier people seemed less susceptible to catching a cold,but some questions remained as to whether the emotional trait itself had the effect.For the new study,the researchers had 193 healthy adults complete standard measures of personality traits,self-perceived health and emotional"style".Those who tended to be happy,energetic and easy-going were judged as having a positive emotional style,while those who were often unhappy,tense and hostile had a negative style.The researchers gave them nasal drops containing either a cold virus or a particular flu virus.Over the next six days,the volunteers reported on any aches,pains,sneezing or congestion they had,while the researchers collected objective data,like daily mucus production.Cohen and his colleagues found that based on objective measures of nasal woes,happy people were less likely to develop a cold.Researchers believed that people who were happy, energetic and easy一going had stronger immune function.A:Right B:Wrong C:Not mentioned
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Lung Cancer1 The death rate due to cancer of the lungs has increased more than 800 percent in males and has more than doubled in females during the last 25 years.It is considerably higher in urban and industrial areas than in rural districts.There are many possible causes,but it is still controversial which are most blamewor-thy.Those factors which have been mentioned most frequently are the presence of foreign particles and other irritants in the air(smoke particles,smog,exhaust fumes),and the smoking of cigarettes and cigars.2 Numerous studies have demonstrated a striking correlation between the death rate from lung cancer and smoking habits.Among heavy smokers-21 to 30 cigarettes per day-the mortality rate from lung cancer is nearly 17 times the rate from nonsmokers.It is expected that the death rate among women will increase as the present high rate of smoking among women has its effect.3 Sometimes cases of lung cancer are discovered at the time when an X-ray is taken for the purpose of detecting tuberculosis.Too often,however,a current emphasis upon the danger of exposure to radiation from X-ray machines can frighten people away from routine chest X-rays and thus prevent an early diagnosis of lung cancer.Early detection is absolutely essential if any possibility of cure is to be maintained.Modern X-ray machines in competent hands pose such slight danger,at least to those over 40 years of age,that this would be much more than offset by the advantages of discovering a tumor while it is small enough to be com-pletely removed.4 A common form of lung cancer is bronchogenic carcinoma,so-called because the malignancy originates in a bronchus.The tumor may grow until the bronchus is blocked,cutting off the supply of air to that lung.The lung then collapses,and the secretions trapped in the lung spaces become infected,with a re-sulting pneumonia or the formation of a lung abscess.Such a lung cancer can also spread to cause secondary growths in the lymph nodes of the chest and neck as well as in the brain and other parts of the body.The on-ly treatment that offers a possibility of cure,before secondary growths have time to form,is to remove the lung completely.This operation is called pneumonectomy.5 Malignant tumors of the stomach,the breast,the prostate gland and other organs may spread to the lungs,causing secondary growths.A primary lung cancer patient may be cured by removing the lung completely______.A:before the cancer cells spread elsewhereB:the more chances of dying of X-ray radiation he will haveC:what is most responsible for lung cancerD:as some people imagineE:the more chances of getting lung cancer he will have F:which form of lung cancer is a common one
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Warm People Likely to Keep Cold at BayStaying positive through the cold season could be your best defense against getting ill,new study findings suggest.In an experiment that exposed healthy volunteers to a cold or flu virus,researchers found that people with a generally sunny disposition were less likely to fall ill.The findings,published in the journal Psychosomatic Medicine,build on evidence that a"positive emotional style"can help ward off the common cold and other illnesses.Researchers believe the reasons may be both objective as in happiness boosting immune function and subjective as in happy people being less troubled by a scratchy throat or runny nose?"People with a positive emotional style may have different immune responses to the virus,"explained lead study author Dr Sheldon Cohen of Carnegie Mellon University in Pittsburgh."And when they do get a cold,they may interpret their illness as being less severe."Cohen and his colleagues had found in a previous study that happier people seemed less susceptible to catching a cold,but some questions remained as to whether the emotional trait itself had the effect.For the new study,the researchers had 193 healthy adults complete standard measures of personality traits,self-perceived health and emotional"style".Those who tended to be happy,energetic and easy-going were judged as having a positive emotional style,while those who were often unhappy,tense and hostile had a negative style.The researchers gave them nasal drops containing either a cold virus or a particular flu virus.Over the next six days,the volunteers reported on any aches,pains,sneezing or congestion they had,while the researchers collected objective data,like daily mucus production.Cohen and his colleagues found that based on objective measures of nasal woes,happy people were less likely to develop a cold.People with a sunny disposition are immune to illness.A:Right B:Wrong C:Not mentioned
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