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I'll Be BachComposer David Cope is the inventor of a computer program that writes original works of clas-sical music .It took Cope 30 years to develop the software.Now most people can't_____(51) the difference between music by the famous German composer J. S.Bach(1685-1750)and the Bach-like compositions from Cope's computer.It all started in 1980 in the United States,when Cope was trying to write an opera. He was having____(52)thinking of new melodies,so he wrote a computer program to create the melodies.At first this music was not_____(53)to listen to. What did Cope do?He began to rethink how human beings compose music .He realized that composers,brains_____(54)like big databases. First,they take in all the music that they have ever heard.Then they take_____（55)the music that they dislike.Finally,they make new music from what is_______(56).According to Cope,only the great composers are able to create the database accurately, remember it,and form new musical patterns from it.Cope built a_____(57)database of existing music.He began with hundreds of works by Bach .The software analyzed the data:it______(58)it down into smaller pieces and looked for patterns. It then combined the______(59)into new patterns. Before long,the program could compose short Bach-like works.They weren't good,but it was a start.Cope knew he had more work to do—he had a whole opera to write.He continued to improve the software. Soon it could______(60)more complex music.He also added many other com-posers,including his own work to the database.A few years later,Cope's computer program,called“Emmy”,was ready to help him with his opera. The______(61)required a lot of collaboration between the composer and Emmy. Cope listened to the computer's musical ideas and used the______(62)that he liked.With Emmy,the opera took only two weeks to finish.It was called Cradle Falling,and it was a great _____(63)!Cope received some of the best reviews of his career,but no one knew exactly _____(64)he had composed the work.Since that first opera,Emmy has written thousands of compositions.Cope still gives Emmy feedback on what he likes and doesn't like of her music,_____(65)she is doing most of the hard work of composing these days!61._________A: stageB: processC: periodD:application
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Pop Music in AfricaYoung musicians in African countries are creating a new kind of pop music. The tunes and the rhythms of their music combine African traditions with various forms of music popu-lar today,such as hip-hop,rap,rock,jazz,or reggae. The result is music that may sound fa-miliar to listeners anywhere in the world,but at the same time is distinctly African. It is dif-ferent also in another way:Many of the songs are very serious and they deal with important social or political issues in Africa today.Eric Wainaina is one of these African musicians.He grew up in Nairobi,Kenya,in a family of musicians.As a teenager,he listened to pop music from the United States,and lat-er he moved to Boston to study at the Berklee College of Music. Now he has produced a CD in Kenya. Eric's most popular song,“Land of ‘A Little Something’”,is about Kenya's problem of bribery,or paying others for illegal favors.He wants people to listen to his songs and think about how to make Kenya a better place to live.Another musician who writes serious songs is Witness Mwaijaga from Tanzania. Her own experiences have helped her understand the suffering of many African women. At theage of fifteen she lost her home,but she was luckier than other homeless young people. She could make a living by writing songs and singing on the street. By the time she was eighteen years old,she had become a star. Her songs are written in rap or hip-hop style about the problems that she sees in Tanzania,especially AIDS and the lack of rights for women.Baaba Maal,from Senegal,also feels that pop music must go beyond entertainment.He says that in Senegal,storytellers have always been important people. In the past,they werethe ones who kept the history of their people alive. Baaba believes that songwriters now have a similar responsibility. They must write about the world around them and help people under-stand how it could be better. The words of his songs are important,in fact.They speak of peace and cooperation among Africans,as well as therights of women,love for one's family, and saving the environment.One of South Africa's most popular musicians is Brenda Fassie. She is sometimes corn-pared to Madonna,the American pop star,because she likes to shock people in her shows.But she also likes to make people think. She became famous in the 1980s for her simple pop songs against apartheid. Now that apartheid has ended,her songs are about other issues in South African culture and life. To sing about these,she uses local African languages and a new pop style called kwaito.In recent years,people outside of Africa have also begun to listen to these young musici-ans.Through music,the younger generation of Africans are connecting with the rest of the world and,at the same time,influencing the rest of the world.Witness Mwaijaga writes about the problem of women partly because______.A: she has had a difficult life herselfB: there are many problems in TanzaniaC: she has had an easy life herselfD: there are no other women singers
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Learn about Light1 .Ancient civilizations were amazed by the existence of light for thousands of years. The Greek philosophers believed that light was made up of countless,tiny particles that enter the human eye and create what we call vision. However,Empedocles and a Dutch scientist named Christian Huygens believed that light was like a wave. According to them,light spread out and travelled like a straight line. This theory was accepted during the 19th century.2 .In 1905,Albert Einstein published a research paper in which he explained what is re-ferred to as the photoelectric effect. This theory explains that particles make up light.The particles Einstein was referring to are weightless bundles（束）of electromagnetic（电磁）energy called photons（光子）.Today,scientists agree that light has a dual（二重）nature一it is part particle and part wave. It is a form of energy that allows us to see things around us.3 .Things that give off light are known as sources of light. During the day,the primary source of light is the sun. Other sources of light include stars,flames,flashlights,street lamps and glowing gases in glass tube.4 .When we draw the way light travels we always use straight lines. This is because nor-mally light rays travel in a straight line. However,there are some instances that can change the path and even the nature of light. They are reflection,absorption,interference（干扰）, etc.5 .Physicists have attempted to measure the speed of light since the early times. In 1849, Hippolyte Fizeau conducted an experiment by directing a beam of light to a mirror located kilometers away and placed a rotating cogwheel（旋转齿轮）between the beam and the mirror. From the rate of rotation of the wheel,number of wheel's teeth and distance of the mirror,he was able to calculate that the speed of light is 313 million meters per second. In a vacuum（真空）,however,the speed of light is 299,792,458 meters per second. This is about a million times faster than the speed of an airplane.Stars,flames,flashlights are some examples of______.A: sources of lightB: the speed of lightC: the path of lightD: a straight lineE: a beam of lightF: a form of energy
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More Rural Research is NeededAgricultural research funding is vital if the world is to feed itself better than it does now. Dr. Tony Fischer,crop scientist,said demand was growing at 2 .5%per year but with modern tech-nologies and the development of new ones,the world should be able to stay ahead.“The global decline in investment in international agricultural research must be reversed if significant progress is to be made towards reducing malnutrition（营养不良）and poverty.” he said.Research is needed to solve food production,land degradation（贫瘠化）and environmental problems. Secure local food supplies led to economic growth which in turn,slowed population growth .Dr. Fischer painted a picture of the world's ability to feed itself in the first 25 years, when the world's population is expected to rise from 5 .8 to 8 billion people.He said that things will probably hold or improve but there'll still be a lot of hungry people.The biggest concentration of poor and hungry people would be in sub-Saharan Africa and southern Asia in 2020,similar to the current pattern. if there is any change,a slight improvement will be seen in southern Asia, but not in sub-Saharan Africa. The major improvement will be in East Asia,South America and South-East Asia.The developing world was investing about 0 .5%,or$8 billion a year,of its agricultural gross domestic product(GDP)on research and developed world was spending 2 .5%of its GDP. Dr. Fischer said more was needed from all countries.He said crop research could produce technologies that spread across many countries,such as wheat production research having spin-offs（有用的副产品）for Mexico, China or India.“Technologies still need to be refined for the local conditions but a lot of the strategic re- search can have global application,so that money can be used very efficiently.”Dr. Fischer said.Yields of rice, wheat ad maize（玉米）have grown impressively in the past 30 years, espe- cially in developing countries.For example,maize production rose from 2 to 8 tones per hectare between 1950 and 1995.But technologies driving this growth such as high-yield varieties,fertiliz-ers,and irrigation,were becoming exhausted.“If you want to save the land for non-agricultural activities,for forests and wildlife,you're going to have to increase yield.”Dr. Fischer said. What does Dr. Fischer say about technologies?A: They are costly.B: They have to be improved to meet local needs.C: Their application is limited.D: They have to be applied locally.
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It is absurd to predict that the sun will not rise tomorrow.A:ridiculous B:funny C:odd D:foolish
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Robots May Allow Surgery in SpaceSmall robots designed by University of Nebraska researchers may allow doctors on Earth to help perlorm surgery on patients in space.The tiny,wheeled robots,_________(1)are about 3 inches tall and as wide as a lipstick case, can be slipped into small incisions（切口）and computer-controlled by surgeons in different locations.Some robots are equipped_________(2)cameras and lights and can send images back to surgeons and others have surgical tools attached thatcan be_________(3)remotely."We think this is going to_________(4)open surgery,"Dr. Dmitry Oleynikov said at a news conference.Oleynikov is a_________(5)in computer-assisted surgery at the University of Nebraska Medical Center in Omaha.Officials hope that NASA will teach_________(6)to use the robots soon enough so that surgeries could one day be performed in space.On earth,the surgeons could control the robots themselves_________(7)other locations.For example,the robots could enable surgeons in other places to_________ (8)on injured soldiers on the front line.Researchers plan to seek federal regulatory_________(9)early next year.Tests on animals have been successful,and tests on humans in England will begin very soon.The camera-carrying robots can provide_________(10)of affected areas and the ones with surgical tools will be able to maneuver（操控）inside the body in ways surgeons' hands can't.The views from the camera-carrying robots are_________(11)than the naked eye,because they_________(12)back color images that are magnified（放大）. Because several robots can be inserted through one incision,they could reduce the amount and_________(13)of cuts needed for surgery,which would decrease recovery time. This is particularly_________( 14) to those patients who have been debilitated（使虚弱） by long illness.Eventually,Oleynikov said,the tiny robots may enable surgeons to work without ever _________(15)their hands in patients' bodies."That's the goal,"Oleynikov said."It's getting easier and easier.We can do even more with these devices."_________(11)A:weaker B:stronger C:poorer D:better
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第一篇Narcotic Addiction（麻醉品依赖）Heroin（海洛因）addiction today is found chiefly among young people in ghetto areas（贫民区）. Of the more than 60,000 known addicts,more than half live in New York State.Most of these live in New York City. Recent figures show that more than half of the addicts are less than 30 years of age.Narcotic（麻醉剂）addiction in the United States is not limited to heroin users. Some middle-aged and older persons who take narcotic drugs regularly to relieve pain can also become addicted. So do some people who can get drugs easily,such as doctors,nurses and druggists. Studies show that this type of addict has personality and emotional problems very similar to those of other regular narcotic users.Many addicts admit that getting a continued supply is the main objective of their lives.His concentration on getting drugs often prevents the addict from continuing his education or his job.His health is often poor. He may be sick one day from effects of withdrawal（撤退，这里指不吸毒）and sick the next from an overdose（吸毒过量）.Statistics show that his life span（寿命）may. be shorted by 15 to 20 years.He is usually in trouble with his family and almost always in trouble with the law.Some studies suggest that many of the known narcotic addicts had some trouble with the law before they became addicted.Once addicted,they may even become more involved with crime because it costs so much to support the heroin habit.Most authorities agree that the addict's involvement with crime is not a direct effect of the drug itself. Turning to crime is usually the only way he has of getting that much money.His crimes are always thefts or other crimes against property.Federal penalties for illegal usage of narcotics were established under the Harrison Act (《哈里森法案》）of 1914. The Act provides（规定）that illegal possession of narcotics is punished by fines and/or imprisonment. Sentences can range from 2 to 10 years for further offences.Illegal sale of narcotics can mean a fine of $20,000 and a sentence from 20 to 40 years for later offences.A person who Sells narcotics to someone under 18 is refused parole（假释）and probation（缓刑）, even for the first offences. if the drug is heroin,he can be sentenced to life imprisonment or to death.A drug addict is always in trouble with law______.A:because he loses hope in himselfB:because turning to crime is his only way of getting money to buy the expensive drugsC:because he rebels against the society and does not see things in the lights of reasonD:because he often gets into bad company
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Homosexuals（同性恋者）Many homosexuals prefer to be called gay or,for woman,lesbian.Most of them live quiet lives just______(51)anyone else.Some gay people have always raised children,______(52)or with partners,and the use of artificial insemination（人工受精）is increasing among lesbians.Gay persons are in every kind of job.Some are very open about their homosexuality,and some are more private.Some______(53)their sexual orientation as a biological given and others as a choice.For those women who see it as a choice,one reason often given is the inequality in most heterosexual（异性恋的）relationships.Homosexuality has been common in most cultures throughout history and generally______ (54).As a result,homosexual activity became a crime,______(55)which the penalty in early courts was death.Homosexual behavior is still______(56)in many countries and the United States.Homosexuality later came to be viewed widely as less a sin than a sickness,but now no mentalhealth professional（具有专业资格的人）any longer ______ (57) homosexuality an illness. More recent theories to______(58)for homosexuality have included those based on biological and sociological factors.To date.______(59),there is no conclusive general theory that can explain the cause of homosexuality.Attitudes______(60)homosexuality began to change in the second half of the 20th century. Gays attribute this,in part,to their own struggle for their rights and pride in their orientation. Some large companies now______(61)health-care benefits to the life partners of their gay employees. Many cities also have officially appointed lesbian and gay advisory（咨询的）committees.______(62)some attitudes have changed,however,prejudice（偏见）still exists,and in the late 1980s and early 1990s,there were considerable shouts against homosexuals,with attempt to ______(63)laws forbidding the granting of basic civil rights to gays.The AIDS epidemic,which started in the 1980s,has devastated（毁坏）the gay community and brought it together as never before,The organized gay response to the lack of government financial support for fighting AIDS and to the needs of the thousands of AIDS victim______(64)they be gays or not,has been a model of community action.AIDS,however,has also______(65)people with another reason for their prejudice._________(61)A:exclude B:include C:extend D:intend
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What is the Coolest Gas in the Universe?What is the coldest air temperature ever recorded on Earth?Where was this low temperature recorded ?The coldest recorded temperature on Earth was －91℃, which_____ (51) in Antarctica（南极洲） in 1983.We encounter an interesting situation when we discuss temperatures in_________(52).Temperatures in Earth orbit（轨道）actually range from about +120℃ to －120℃. The temperature depends upon ______(53)you are in direct sunlight or in shade.Obviously，－120℃ is colder than our body can ________ (54)endure.The space temperatures just discussed affect only our area of the solar________(55).Obviously,it is hotter closer to the Sun and colder as we travel__________(56)from the Sun,Scientigtg egtimate tern- peratures at Pluto are about －210℃．How cold is the lowest estimated temperature in the entire universe?Again,it depends upon your_________(57).We are taught it is supposedly__________(58)to have atemperature below absolute zero,which is－273℃，at which atoms do not move.Two scientists,Cornell and Wieman,have successfully______(59)down a gas to a temperature barely above absolute zero. They won a Nobel Prize in Physics in 2001 for their work一not a discovery in this case.Why is the two scientists'work so important to science?In the 1920s，Satyendra Nath Bose was studying an interesting_______(60)about special light par-tidles（微粒）we now call photons（光子）.Bose had trouble __________(61)other scientists to believe his theory,so he contacted Albert Einstein. Einstein’s calculations helped him theorize that atoms_______(62) behave as Bose thought一but only at very cold temperatures.Scientists have also discovered that ultra-cold（超冷）atoms can help them make the world'S atomic clocks even__________(63)accurate.These clocks are so accurate today they would oniy lose one second _________ (64)six million years!Such accuracy will help us travel in space because digtanee is velocity（速度）times time( d=vt).With the long distances involved in space _______(65),we need to know time as accurately as possibie to get accurate distance._________(56)A:byB:awayC:alongD:with
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