2021年 陕西 职称英语(理工)如何报名

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第三篇

Technology Transfer in Germany

When it comes to translating basic research into industrial success,few nations can
match Germany.Since the 1940s,the nation's vast industrial base has been fed with a
constant stream of new ideas and expertise from science.And though German prosperity
（繁荣）has faltered（衰退）over the past decade because of the huge cost of unifying east
and west as well as the global economic decline , it still has an enviable（令人羡慕的）
record for turning ideas into profit.
Much of the reason for that success is the Fraunhofer Society,a network of research
institutes that exists solely to solve industrial problems and create sought-after technologies.
But today the Fraunhofer institutes have competition.Universities are taking an ever larger
role in technology transfer,and technology parks are springing up all over.These efforts
are being complemented by the federal programmes for pumping money into start-up
companies.
Such a strategy may sound like a recipe for economic success,but it is not without its
critics.These people worry that favouring applied research will mean neglecting basic
science,eventually starving industry of fresh ideas.If every scientist starts thinking like an
entrepreneur（企业家）,the argument goes , then the traditional principles of university
research being curiosity-driven,free and widely available will suffer.Others claim that
many of the programmes to promote technology transfer are a waste of money because half
the small businesses that are promoted are bound to go bankrupt within a few years.
While this debate continues,new ideas flow at a steady rate from Germany's research
networks,which bear famous names such as Helmholtz,Max Planck and Leibniz.Yet it is
the fourth network,the Fraunhofer Society,that plays the greatest role in technology transfer.
Founded in 1949,the Fraunhofer Society is now Europe's largest organisation for
applied technology,and has 59 institutes employing 12,000 people.It continues to grow.
Last year,it swallowed up the Heinrich Hertz Institute for Communication Technology in
Berlin.Today,there are even Fraunhofers in the U. S. and Asia.

When was the Fraunhofer Society founded?
A:In 1940.
B:Last year.
C:After the unification.
D:In 1949.

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Mad Scientist Stereotype Outdated

Do people still imagine a physicist as a bearded man in glasses or has the image of the mad scientist changed?The Institute of Physics set out to find out whether the stereotype of a physics boffin （科学家）still exists by conducting a survey on shoppers in London. The people were asked to identify the physicist from a photograph of a line-up of possible suspects.98 percent of those asked got it wrong. The majority of people picked a white male of around 60,wearing glasses and with a white beard.
While this stereotype may have been the image of all average physicist fifty years ago,the reality is now very different. Since 1960 the number of young women entering physics has doubled and the average age of a physicist is now 31.
The stereotype of the absent-minded scientist has lasted a long time because the media and Hollywood help promote the image of men in white lab coats with glasses sitting by blackboards full of equations（等式）or working with fizzing（嘶嘶响）test tubes. These stereotypes are really damaging to society.Very good school children are put off studying science because they don't see people like themselves on television or in magazines doing science.They simply don't relate to the media's image of the mad scientist.
This is one reason why fewer young people are choosing to do science at university. If we want to encourage more young people to study science subjects,we need to change this image of the scientist and make science careers more attractive. But we must also develop children's interest in science.
In an attempt to change this negative image,an increasing number of science festivals are being organized.Thousands of people from secondary schools are also encouraged to take part in the international science competitions of which the most popular are the national science Olympiads.Winning national teams then get the opportunity to take part in the International Science Olympiads which are held in a different country every year. These events are all interesting for the young people who take part but they only involve a small proportion of students who are already interested in science.It seems that there is a long way to go before science becomes attractive as subjects like computer studies or fashion and design.

The International Science Olympiads are held once every two years.
A:Right
B:Wrong
C:Not mentioned

第二十二篇 RealWld Robots

　　When you think of a robot, do you envision ashiny, metallic device having the same general shape as a human being,perfming humanlike functions, responding to your questions in a monotonevoice accentuated by high-pitched tones beeps? This is the way many of usimagine a robot, but in the real wld, a robot is not humanoid at all. Insteada robot often is a voiceless, box-shaped machine that efficiently carries outrepetitive dangerous functions usually perfmed by humans. Today’s robot is me than an automatic machine that perfms one taskagain again. A modern robot is programmed with varying degrees ofartificial intelligence—that is, a robot contains acomputer program that tells it how to perfm tasks associated with human intelligence,such as reasoning, drawing conclusions, learning from past experience.

　　A robot does not possess a human shape fthe simple reason that a two-legged robot has great difficulty remainingbalanced. A robot does, however, move from place to place on wheels axlesthat roll rotate. A robot even has limbs that swivel move incombination with ts mots. To find its way in its surroundings1, arobot utilizes various built-in senss. Antennae attached to the robot’s base detect anything they bump into. If the robot starts to teeteras it moves on an incline, a gyroscope a pendulum inside it senses thevertical differential. To determine its distance from an object how quicklyit will reach the object，the robot bounces beams oflaser light ultrasonic sound waves off obstructions in its path2. These other senss constantly feed infmation to the computer, which then analyzesthe infmation crects adjusts the robot’sactions. As science technology advance, the robot too will progress in itsfunctions use of artificial-intelligence programs.

　　词汇：

　　envision v. 想象，预想

　　device n. 装置

　　accentuate v. 强调，重读

　　artificial intelligence n. 人工智能

　　limb n. 臂

　　antennae n. 天线

　　incline v. 倾斜

　　pendulum n. 钟摆

　　ultrasonic adj. 超声的

　　metallic adj. 金属的

　　monotone n. 单调的

　　humanoid adj. 像人的

　　axle n. 轮轴

　　rotate v. 旋转

　　swivel n. 旋转

　　teeter v. 摇晃

　　gyroscope n. 陀螺仪，回转仪

　　vertical n. 直立的

　　注释：

　　1.To find its way in its surroundings...：为了在周围找到路……

　　2.the robot bounces beams of laser light ultrasonic sound waves off obstructions in its path：机器人发射激光束和超声波，反射到障碍物上(以此来探知路径)。

　练习：　4.The writer begins the passage by comparing

A　the shape of ahuman being with a box.
B　a modem robot witha fictional robot.
C　an imaginarymachine with a human.
D　a computer programwith artificial intelligence.

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DVD for Rent

1.A pay-for-play system for video DVD will emerge by summer as an alternative,and
possibly a competitor,to the DVD format currently available.
2.The new system,called Digital Video Express(Divx),operates like a DVD player,
except for the specially coded discs.These will cost $5 for initial viewing over a 48-hour
period and can be viewed again for additional fees and even purchased for unlimited
viewing.
3.Divx combines the service of a video rental（出租的）store with the operation of a pay-
per-view TV channel.Unlike a rented videotape,though,the Divx disc needn't be
returned.Customers can retain the disc for replay in the future at an additional fee,or
simply throw it away.
4.Subsequent plays,or the purchase of unlimited-viewing rights,are billed to the customer's
Divx account and charged to a credit card.The player's built-in memory keeps track of all Divx
plays, and sends this information by toll-free phone modem（调制解调器）to the Divx
record-keeping centre.Each Divx disc and player has a unique identification code,so the
system knows which discs have been played and where.
5 Some Divx discs could be converted for unlimited play at a price likely to be lower than
buying a conventional DVD.Others,called Divx Gold,would be sold from the beginning
for unlimited play without further charge.Although conventional DVDs will run in a Divx
player,conventional DVD players will lack the decoding and communications ability to play
Divx discs.Divx players will be offered by Panasonic,RCA,and Zenith.
6 About 100 discs will be available initially from Disney, Dreamworks,Paramount,and
Universal, growing to 500 titles within a year. Other film makers have yet to adopt the Divx
system,which is owned by retailer Circuit City,the 350-store electronics chain that
bankrolled（提供资金）its development.

Paragraph 5_________
A:Booming Business of Circuit City
B:Superior Quality of Conventional DVD Discs
C:The New System Called Divx
D:Unlimited Play of Divx Discs
E:Disc-play Tracking and Billing Systems
F:Two Functions Combined