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名词解释题
spraying
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Oil fires are best extinguished by ______.A.cutting off the supply of oxygenB.removing the fuelC.cooling below the ignition temperatureD.spraying with water
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Crankcase explosions in propulsion diesel engines result from ____.A.the splashing of lubrication oil by the crankshaftB.the dilution of crankcase oil with particles of combustionC.broken fuel lines spraying oil on the crankcaseD.the ignition of unburned fuel and air in the crankcase
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Excerpt 1 I saw a television advertisement recently for a new product called an air sanitizer.A woman stood in her kitchen, spraying the empty space in front of her as though using Mace against an imaginary assailant.She appeared very determined.Where others are satisfied with antibacterial-laced sponges, dish soaps, hand sanitizers and telephone wipes, here was a woman who sought to sterilize the air itself. Excerpt 2 During the early stages of the Industrial Revolution, advertising was a relatively straightforward means of announcement and communication and was used mainly to promote novelties and fringe products.But when factory production got into full swing and new products, e.g.processed foods, came onto the market, national advertising campaigns and brand naming of products became necessary.Before large-scale factory production, the typical manufacturing unit had been small and adaptable and the task of distributing and selling goods had largely been undertaken by wholesalers.The small non-specialized factory which did not rely on massive investment in machinery had been flexible enough to adapt its production according to changes in public demands. Excerpt 3 Money spent on advertising is money spent as well as any I know of.It serves directly to assist a rapid distribution of goods at reasonable price, thereby establishing a firm home market and so making it possible to provide for export at competitive prices.By drawing attention to new ideas it helps enormously to raise standards of living. Excerpt 4 Search advertising—the small text-ads that appear alongside Google and Yahoo Searches—account for 40% of the online ad market.Another 20% goes to display ads and 18% to classified advertising.But search advertising can also work like a small ad and will increasingly challenge print classifieds as websites provide localized and more elaborate services for online users. Excerpt 5 This year the combined advertising revenues of Google and Yahoo! will rival the combined primetime ad revenues of Americas three big television networks, ABC, CBS and NBC predicts Advertising Age.It will, says the trade magazine, represent a "watershed moment" in the evolution of the Internet as an advertising medium.A 30-second prime-time TV ad was once considered the most effective—and the most expensive—form. of advertising.But that was before the Internet got going.And this week online advertising made another leap forward. Excerpt 6 Advertising does more for the material benefit of the community than any other force I can think of.There is one more point I feel I ought to touch on.Recently I heard a well-known television personality declare that he was against advertising because it persuades rather than informs.He was drawing excessively fine distinctions.Of course advertising seeks to persuade. If its message were confined merely to information—and that in itself would be difficult if not impossible to achieve, for even a detail such as the choice of the colour of a shirt is subtly persuasive—advertising would be so boring that no one would pay any attention.But perhaps that is what the well-known television personality wants.An example of a product which might well have been advertised during the early stages of the Industrial Revolution is______.A．a cooking utensilB．new child"s toyC．tinned fruitD．household soap
考题
Static electricity may be built up by the ______．A.Flow of petroleum through pipesB.Spraying or splashing of petroleumC.Settling of solids or water in petroleumD.All of the above
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共用题干
Drying Ways for Food1.Centuries ago,man discovered that removing moisture from food helps to preserve it,and that the easiest way to do this is to expose the food to sun and wind.In this way the North American Indians produce pemmican(dried meat ground into powder and made into cakes),the Scandinavians make stockfish and the Arabs dried dates and"apricot leather".2.All foods including water,cabbage and other leaf vegetables contain as much as 93%water, potatoes and other root vegetables 80%,lean meat 75%and fish,anything from 20%to 60%,depending on how fatty it is.If this water is removed,the activity of the bacteria which causes food to go bad is checked.3.Fruit is sun-dried in Asia Minor,Greece,Spain and other Mediterranean countries,and also in California,South Africa and Australia. The methods used vary, but in general,the fruit is spread out on trays in drying yards in the hot sun.In order to prevent darkening,pears,peaches and apricots are exposed to the fumes of burning sulfur before drying. Plums,for making prunes, and certain varieties of grapes for making raisins and currants,are dipped in an alkaline solution in order to crack the skins of the fruit slightly and remove their wax coating,so as to increase the rate of drying.4.Nowadays most foods are dried mechanically.The conventional method of such dehydration is to put food in chambers through which hot air is blown at temperatures of about 110℃at entry and to about 43℃at exit. This is the usual method for drying such things as vegetables,minced meat, and fish.5.Liquids such as milk,coffee,tea,soups and eggs may be dried by pouring them over a heated steel cylinder,by spraying them into a chamber through which a current of hot air passes.In the first case,the dried material is scraped off the roller as a thin film which is then broken up into small,though still relatively coarse flakes.In the second process,it falls to the bottom of the chamber as a fine powder. Where recognizable pieces of meat and vegetables are required,as in soup, the ingredients are dried separately and then mixed.6.Dried foods take up less room and weigh less than the same food packed in cans or frozen, and they do not need to be stored in special conditions.For these reasons they are invaluable to the climbers,explorers and soldiers in battle,who have little storage space.They are also popular with housewives because it takes so little time to cook them.Usually it is just a case of replacing the dried-out moisture with boiling water.In some places of the world,fruit is usually______.A:speed up dehydrationB:flakesC:powderD:controlledE:increased F: sun-dried
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共用题干
The Writing's on the Wall?Is it art or is it just vandalism（故意破坏公共财物罪）?Well, it's still a crime ,but graffiti（涂鸦）has changed since the days of spraying your name on a wall to mark your territory.Street art has become much more sophisticated since a 17-year-old called Demetrius started spraying his"tag",TAKI 183,all over the New York underground in 1971,and hip-hop culture was born.Hip-hop is a mixture of art,music,dancing, poetry,language and fashion.It came from 'young inner-city people,who felt left out by their richer classmates and who were desperate to express themselves in any way they could.An experiment to control the spread of graffiti in Rochdale,Greater Manchester,has been so successful that plans have been made by local street artists for an international convention in June."We're planning to get people together from different countries like France and Germany for a week,"says Liam,one of the organizers. The scheme started in 2000,and has attracted people of all age groups and both sexes."We all share a common interest and get on really well with each other."The first site to be chosen was a subway. "Before we began,people were afraid to use the subway.We had it cleaned up,and now,with all the artists hanging out down there,people are using it again.People can relate to graffiti much more now."By providing places to display their talents legally,there has been a fall in the amount of"tagging"on people's private property.Street artist Temper developed his drawing skills at a young age.In art classes at school he was really frustrated because the art teachers didn't spend time with him. They thought he was already very good at artand so spent more time with other students.So,at 12 years old,Temper started painting with all these guys he'd hooked up with and who were about 22 years old.He looked up to them and loved what they were doing on the streets of Wolverhampton,England."The whole hip-hop scene was built up of different things and I did a bit of everything. But it was always the graffiti I was best at."he says.People did not like using the subway before an organized group of graffiti artists came.A:RightB:WrongC:Not mentioned
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共用题干
第一篇The Smell of MoneyFor many years large supermarkets have been encouraging us to spend money by pumping the smell of freshly-baked bread into their stores. Now Dale Air, a leading firm of aroma（香气）consultants, has been approached by Barclay's Bank to develop suitable artificial smells for their banks.Researchers have suggested that surrounding customers with the"smell of money"will encourage them to feel relaxed and optimistic and give them added confidence in the bank's security and professionalism.But before a smell can be manufactured and introduced into banks' air conditioning systems,it must be identified and chemically analyzed,and this has proved to be difficult.The problem is that banknotes and coins tend to pick up the smell of their surroundings.So cash that has been sitting in a cash register at a fishmonger's（鱼贩）will smell of fish,and banknotes used to pay for meals in restaurants will tend to smellof food.It may be a challenge,but aroma experts have little doubt that the use of artificial smells can be an effective form of subconscious advertising. Lunn Poly,a British travel company,introduced the smell of coconuts（椰 子）into its travel agencies and saw a big increase in spending by holiday makers.Many cafs now have elec-tric dispensers（自动售货机）that release the smell of freshly roasted coffee near their entrances, subtly encouraging customers to come in and have a drink or snack. Even prestigious car maker Rolls-Royce has been spraying the inside of its cars to enhance the smell of the leather seats."The sense of smell is probably the most basic and primitive of all human senses,"explains researcher Jim O'Riordan. "There is a direct pathway from the olfactory（嗅觉的）organs in the nose to the brain."It is certainly true that most people find certain smells incredibly strong,stirring memories and feelings in a way that few other stimulants（刺激物）can rival. It is a phenomenon marketing consultants have long recog- nized,but until recently have been unable to harness."We've made great progress but the technology of odour production is still in its infancy,"says O'Riordan."Who knows where it will take us."Researchers believe that introducing the"smell of money"into banks will encourage people_________.A:to spend moneyB:to feel confident about banksC:to earn more moneyD:to withdraw money from banks
考题
Oil fires are best extinguished by （）.A、cutting off the supply of oxygenB、removing the fuelC、spraying with waterD、adding oxygen
考题
问答题Directions:In this part there are one passage with five questions. Read the passage carefully, then answer the questions in the fewest possible words (not exceeding 10 words). Questions 1 to 5 are based on the following passage: Centuries ago, man discovered that removing moisture from food helps to preserve it, and that the easiest way to do this is to expose the food to sun and wind. In this way the North American Indians produce pemmican (dried meat ground into powder and made into cakes), the Scandinavians make stockfish and the Arabs dry dates and “apricot leather”.All foods contain water—cabbage and other leaf vegetables contain as much as 93% water, potatoes and other root vegetables 80%, lean meat 75% and fish anything from 80% to 60% depending on how fatty it is. If this water is removed, the activity of the bacteria which cause food to go bad is checked. Fruit is sun-dried in Asia Minor, Greece, Spain and other Mediterranean countries, and also in California, South Africa and Australia. The methods used vary, but in general, the fruit is spread out on trays in drying yards in the hot sun. In order to prevent darkening, pears, peaches and apricots are exposed to the fumes of burning sulphur before drying. Plums, for making prunes, and certain varieties of grapes for making raisins and currants, are dipped in an alkaline solution in order to crack the skins of the fruit slightly and remove their wax coating, so increasing the rate of drying. Nowadays most foods are dried mechanically. The conventional method of such dehydration is to put food in chambers through which hot air is blown at temperatures of about 110℃ at entry to about 43℃ at exit. This is the usual method for drying such things as vegetables, minced meat, and fish. Liquids such as milk, coffee, tea, soups and eggs may be dried by pouring them over a heated horizontal steel cylinder or by spraying them into a chamber through which a current of hot air passes. In the first case, the dried material is scraped off the roller as a thin film which is then broken up into small, though still relatively coarse flakes. In the second process it falls to the bottom of the chamber as a fine powder. Where recognizable pieces of meat and vegetables are required, as in soup, the ingredients are dried separately and then mixed. Dried foods take up less room and weigh less than the same food packed in cans or frozen, and they do not need to be stored in special conditions. For these reasons they are invaluable to climbers, explorers and soldiers in battle, who have little storage space. They are also popular with housewives because it takes so little time to cook them. Usually it is just a case of replacing the dried-out moisture with boiling water. Questions: 1．What makes food go bad according to the passage? 2．What does the word “dehydration” in Para. 4 refer to? 3．Housewives like dried foods because______. 4．What kind of treatment do pears and plums go through in the drying process? 5．Where are vegetables most commonly dried nowadays?
考题
单选题Crankcase explosions in propulsion diesel result from（）A
the splashing of lubrication oil by the crankshaftB
the dilution of crankcase oil with particles of combustionC
broken fuel lines spraying oil on the crankcaseD
the ignition of unburned fuel and air in the crankcase
考题
问答题Passage 2The Ant Society Described as a “six-legged lliad”, Wilson’s Anthill draws parallels between human and ant societies. Though there are no ant symphony orchestras, secret police, or schools of philosophy, both ants and men conduct wars, divide into specialized castes of workers, build cities, maintain infant nurseries and cemeteries, take slaves, practice agriculture, and indulge in occasional cannibalism, though ant societies are more energetic, altruistic, and efficient than human ones. (The New York Review of Books) A “Go to the ant, thou sluggard” says the Bible. “Consider her ways, and be wise.” The book of Proverbs, chapter six, says that the industrious legions of ants, which have now colonized every continent on earth, except Antarctica, have “no guide, overseer, or ruler”. B In fact, the good book got ants all wrong. Ant societies are rigidly stratified and usually ruled by queens. The little creatures are constantly guided by their scent trails and other chemical signals, not to mention their genes. Nobody has done more to reveal the true nature of the “super organisms” that ant societies comprise than Edward Wilson, a Harvard biologist, campaigning green, two-time Pulitzer prize-winning author, pioneer of sociobiology, and now, at the age of 80, also a debut novelist. C One part of Anthill, by the world’s leading myrmecologist, demonstrates that in Mr. Wilson ants have found not only their Darwin but also their Homer. Midway through the novel, and comprising a fifth of the whole, is a self-contained novella, “The Anthill Chronicles”, which purports to be an undergraduate biology thesis by the protagonist of Anthill, about the rise and fall of four ant colonies in a tract of forest in southern Alabama. Happily for the reader, these chronicles bear no resemblance to student reports, though most of the details of life among the six-legged will be familiar to fans of Mr. Wilson’s entomological writings. The “thesis”, we are told, has been lightly edited by two professors to present the story “as near as possible to the way ants see such events themselves”. D The success of this novella-within-a-novel derives from the fact that Mr. Wilson has no need to resort to the Hollywood method of anthropomorphizing his ants, as two popular animated features-Antz and A Bug’s Life—did in 1998. There are no individual perspectives in The Anthill Chronicles: no lovers, no personalities, no neuroses, and no selves. The only heroes are the ant colonies themselves, and they are as engaging and at least as memorable as most two legged Hollywood creations. E Mr. Wilson’s mini-epic begins with the demise of the queen of the Trailhead Colony, whose death is not at first noticed by her daughter-followers. While her body rots encased in its external skeleton, her lingering scent misleadingly tells the colony that all is still well. F The neighboring Streamside Colony wipes out the Trailheaders, and then it self falls victim to a “super colony”, comprising millions of workers and thousands of queens, which rose to power thanks to a single-gene mutation that weakens their sensitivity to queen-odors, and thus permits them to tolerate multiple simultaneous queens. Growing out of control, the super colony in effect eats up its own territory and is exterminated by “the moving tree trunks, the ant gods”—i.e., humans spraying insecticide. This leaves room for the tiny Woodland Colony to expand its territory and thrive, and so the epic struggle continues, as it has for thousands of years. G The tale within a tale is an astonishing literary achievement; nobody but Mr. Wilson could have written it, and those who read it will tread lightly in the forest, at least for a while. Yet Mr. Wilson wants his audience to do more than that. The novel as a whole is mainly about people, and an author’s prologue—echoing the theme of some of Mr. Wilson’s earlier work—warns of further disaster if this wayward species does not start to take better care of its biosphere, the planet. H The hero of Anthill is Raft Cody, an Alabaman youngster who follows up his biology studies with a stint at Harvard law school, with the express purpose of returning equipped to save his beloved patch of forest from rapacious property developers. This character owes something to Mr. Wilson’s own background, and so does the story’s narrator, Raff’s biology professor. It’s one of the few defects in the novel that Mr. Wilson hasn’t quite decided which of the pair is him. I Raft’s early adventures in the swamps owe something to Huck Finn’s; and the novel’s denouement, with a monstrously eccentric woodsman and some implausible Fundamentalist villains, recalls the Florida black comedies of Carl Hiaasen, only without the laughs. One can’t help rooting for the ants. Thanks to the depth of Mr. Wilson’s understanding of them, his evocation of their ways is a more powerful tool for raising ecological awareness than any Disneyfication is likely to be. This passage has nine paragraphs, A-I. Which paragraph contains the following information? Write the correct letter, A-I, in boxes 1-6 on your answer sheet. NB You may use any letter more than once. 1. fierce struggle of the ant world 2. comparison of the book with biology paper 3. the real theme of the novel 4. the hierarchical system of the ant society 5. the weakness that existed in the book 6. particular feature of Anthill in contrasted with Hollywood products
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