共用题干
Winners and Losers

Why are the biggest winners in the past decade of trade globalization mostly in South and
East Asia, whereas the biggest losers are mostly in the former Soviet bloc（集团）and sub-
Saharan Africa?History is a partial guide:East Asia has a long trading tradition,lately
reinvigorated（给以新的活力）by the Chinese adoption of market economics. The Soviet
Union,on the other hand,was sheltered from free-market forces for more than 70 years:In
Africa,some countries are disadvantaged because of inadequate infrastructure（基础结构）;
many countries have little to trade but commodities,the prices of which have fallen in recent
years.
In some regions,certain countries have suffered by adopting misguided policies,often
under pressure from International Monetary Fund.First among these is Russia,which in the
early 1990s tried to embrace capitalism before first building the institutions that make
capitalism work,such as an independent bank system,a system of business law,and an
adequate method for collecting taxes.Encouraged by the I.M.F.,the World Bank and the
U.S.Department of the Treasury,President Boris Yeltsin's regime privatized the state-owned
industrial sector, creating a class of oligarchs（寡头政治集团成员）,who, knowing how
unstable ConditionS Were at home,Sent their money abroad instead of inVesting it at home.
In Contrast,China,the biggest winner fromglobalization,did not follow the I.M.F.
formula.Of the former states of the Soviet bloc,Only a few,notably Poland and Hungary,
managed to grow,Which they did by ignoring I.M.F,advice and adopting expansionary
plans,including spending more than they collected in taxes.Botswana and Uganda are
also success stories:despite their disadvantages,their countries achieved vigorous growth
by creating stable civil societies,liberalizing trade and implementing reforms that ran counter
to I.M.F.prescriptions.

Russia was wrongly guided by the I.M.F.
A:Right
B:Wrong
C:Notmentioned