单选题In what way advertising is changed according to the text?A Advertisements are produced in a scientific way.B More research methods are used in creative work.C All decisions are made based on the results of research.D Focus groups now control the whole process of ad-making.

考题 We can learn from the text that Fitzsimons’s invention .A. kept the tyre as a whole pieceB. was made into production soonC. left little room for improvementD. changed our views on bag design

查看答案

考题 According to the text, online publication is significant in that[A] it provides an easier access to scientific results.[B] it brings huge profits to scientific researchers.[C] it emphasizes the crucial role of scientific knowledge.[D] it facilitates public investment in scientific research.

查看答案

考题 "Hidden" Species May Be Surprisingly CommonCryptic species animals that appear identical but are genetically quite distant—may be much more widespread than previously thought. The findings could have major implications in areas ranging from biodiversity estimates and wildlife management, to our understanding of infectious diseases and evolution.Reports of cryptic species have increased dramatically over the past two decades with the advent of relatively inexpensive DNA sequencing technology. Markus Pfenninger and Klaus Schwenk, of the Goethe-Universitat, in Frankfurt, Germany, analyzed all known data on cryptic animal species and discovered that they are found in equal proportions throughout all major branches of the animal kingdom and occur in equal numbers in all biogeographieal regions.Scientists had previously speculated that cryptic species were predominantly found in insects and reptiles, and were more likely to occur in tropical rather than temperate regions. "Species that are seemingly widespread and abundant could in reality be many different cryptic species that have low populations and are highly endangered. " Says Pfenninger. Until the genetic information of all species in at least one taxon is thoroughly studied, no one will know just how many cryptic species exist. "It could be as high as 30%. " Pfenninger says."I'm extremely surprised by their results. " Says Alex Smith of the University of Guelph in Ontario, Canada. "It's a call to arms to keep doing the broad kind of genetic studies that we are doing. "Sampling as many individuals as possible, scientists hope to complete work on all fish and birds in another 5 to 10 years. Once either of these taxonomic groups is completed, Pfenninger says researchers will be able to decide how many cryptic species exist throughout the animal kingdom.Examples of cryptic species include the African elephant. A 2001 study found the elephants were actually two genetically distinct, non-interbreeding species, the African bush elephant and the African elephant. The species are currently listed as vulnerable and threatened, respectively, by the World Conservation Union (WCU).The reclassifications are more than an academic exercise. They define populations that have evolved independently of each other and whose genetic differences can have significant consequences. In the early 1900s misidentification of mosquito species based on morphology confused attempts to control malaria in Europe. Ultimately, what was thought to be a single species was actually made up of six sibling species, only three of which transmitted the disease. "The basic unit in biology is always the species, and you have to know what you are dealing with. " Pfenninger says. Much previous research is now no longer used, he says, because it is not clear what species was being studied.Which of the following about the significance of the research on cryptic species is NOT true?A．The results of the research can help the development of many other research areas.B．The results of the research can help the development of biodiversity estimates.C．The results of the research can help our understanding of infectious disease evolution.D．The results of the research can help our understanding of "survival of the fittest. "

查看答案

考题根据下列文章，回答26～30题。It used to be so straightforward. A team of researchers working together in the laboratory would submit the results of their research to a journal. A journal editor would then remove the authors names and affiliations from the paper and send it to their peers for review. Depending on the comments received, the editor would accept the paper for publication or decline it. Copyright rested with the journal publisher, and researchers seeking knowledge of the results would have to subscribe to the journal.No longer. The Internet and pressure from funding agencies, who are questioning why commercial publishers are making money from government-funded research by restricting access to it- is making access to scientific results a reality. The Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development （OECD） has just issued a report describing the far-reaching consequences of this. The report, by John Houghton of Victoria University in Australia and Graham Vickery of the OECD, makes heavy reading for publishers who have, so far, made handsome profits. But it goes further than that. It signals a change in what has, until now, been a key element of scientific endeavor.The value of knowledge and the return on the public investment in research depends, in part, upon wide distribution and ready access. It is big business. In America, the core scientific publishing market is estimated at between $7 billion and $11 billion. The International Association of Scientific, Technical and Medical Publishers says that there are more than 2,000 publishers worldwide specializing in these subjects. They publish more than 1.2 million articles each year in some 16,000 journals.This is now changing. According to the OECD report, some 75% of scholarly journals are now online. Entirely new business models are emerging; three main institutional subscribers pay for access to a collection of online journal titles through site-licensing agreements. There is open-access publishing, typically supported by asking the author （or his employer） to pay for the paper to be published. Finally, there are open-access archives, where organizations such as universities or international laboratories support institutional repositories. Other models exist that are hybrids of these three, such as delayed open-access, where journals allow only subscribers to read a paper for the first six months, before making it freely available to everyone who wishes to see it. All this could change the traditional form. of the peer-review process, at least for the publication of papers.第26题：In the first paragraph, the author discussesA．the background information of journal editing.B．the publication routine of laboratory reports.C．the relations of authors with journal publishers.D．the traditional process of journal publication

查看答案

考题 According to the text, online publication is significant in thatA．it provides an easier access to scientific results.B．it brings huge profits to scientific researchers.C．it emphasizes the crucial role of scientific knowledge.D．it facilitates public investment in scientific research.

查看答案

考题单句理解听力原文：More common for lending transactions today is compound interest.(1)A．Lending covenants now are often made at compound interest.B．Lending transactions now are often made at compound interest.C．Lending decisions now are often made at compound interest.D．Lending proposals now are often made at compound interest.

查看答案

考题 Which of the following is true according to the passage?[A] Flu vaccines now mainly use egg-based technology.[B] A bird influenza has once circulated among humans.[C] Safety can be greatly improved with cell-culture vaccines.[D] Modern vaccine production methods are to replace egg-based methods.

查看答案

考题 To grasp the gist of a passage in a quick way, what may a reader focus on? A．The transitional paragraphs. B．The whole passage. C．The topic sentences. D．Every sentence in the passage.

查看答案

考题 Text 2 It used to be so straightforward.A team of researchers working together in the laboratory would submit the results of their research to a journal.A journal editor would then remove the authors’names and affiliations from the paper and send it to their peers for review.Depending on the comments received,the editor would accept the paper for publication or decline it.Copyright rested with the journal publisher,and researchers seeking knowledge of the results would have to subscribe to the journal.No longer.The Internet–and pressure from funding agencies,who are questioning why commercial publishers are making money from government-funded research by restricting access to it–is making access to scientific results a reality.The Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development（OECD）has just issued a report describing the far-reaching consequences of this.The report,by John Houghton of Victoria University in Australia and Graham Vickery of the OECD,makes heavy reading for publishers who have,so far,made handsome profits.But it goes further than that.It signals a change in what has,until now,been a key element of scientific endeavor.The value of knowledge and the return on the public investment in research depends,in part,upon wide distribution and ready access.It is big business.In America,the core scientific publishing market is estimated at between$7 billion and$11 billion.The International Association of Scientific,Technical and Medical Publishers says that there are more than 2,000 publishers worldwide specializing in these subjects.They publish more than 1.2 million articles each year in some 16,000 journals.This is now changing.According to the OECD report,some 75%of scholarly journals are now online.Entirely new business models are emerging;three main ones were identified by the report’s authors.There is the so-called big deal,where institutional subscribers pay for access to a collection of online journal titles through site-licensing agreements.There is open-access publishing,typically supported by asking the author（or his employer）to pay for the paper to be published.Finally,there are open-access archives,where organizations such as universities or international laboratories support institutional repositories.Other models exist that are hybrids of these three,such as delayed open-access,where journals allow only subscribers to read a paper for the first six months,before making it freely available to everyone who wishes to see it.All this could change the traditional form of the peer-review process,at least for the publication of papers.27.Which of the following is true of the OECD report?A.It criticizes government-funded research. B.It introduces an effective means of publication. C.It upsets profit-making journal publishers. D.It benefits scientific research considerably.

查看答案

考题 For the first time on record,the number of advertising-specific jobs in the U.S.is declining in the middle of an economic expansion,according to government data.What's going on?It's certainly not a case of fewer advertisements.The typical American has gone from seeing about 500 ads each day in the 1970s to about 5,000 today,according to a common industry statistic.That is one corporate message for roughly every 10 seconds of waking life.Instead,the mysterious decline can be explained by two developments.First,there are Facebook and Google.They are the largest advertising companies in the world-and,quite likely,the largest in the history of the world.Last year,90 percent of the growth of the digital-advertising business went to just these two firms.Facebook and Google are so profitable because they use their enormous scale and data to deliver targeted advertising at a low cost.This has forced the world's large advertising firms to preserve their profitability through a series of mergers,accompanied by jobs cut.s in the name of efficiency.The emergence of an advertising duopoly has coincided with the rise of"programmatic advertising,"a term that essentially means"companies using algorithms to buy and place ads in those little boxes all over the internet."As any Macl Men fan might intuit,advertising has long been a relationship-driven business,in which multimillion-dollar contracts are hammered out over one-on-one meetings,countless lunches,and even more-countless drinks.With programmatic technology,however,companies can buy access to specific audiences across several publishing platforms at once,bypassing the work of building relationships with each one.That process produces more ads and requires fewer people-or,at least,fewer traditional advertising jobs and more technical jobs.Second,there is the merging of the advertising and entertainment businesses.As smartphone screens have edged out TV as the most important real estate for media,companies have invested more in"branded content"-corporate-sponsored media,such as an article or video,that resembles traditional entertainment more than it does traditional advertising.Some of the most prominent names in journalism,such as The New York Times,BuzzFeed,Vice,and The Atlantic,are owned by companies that have launched their own branded-content shops,which operate as stand-alone divisions.As many media companies have tried to become more like advertising companies,the value of the average"creative-account win,"an ad-industry term for a new contract,has declined,falling by about 40 percent between 2016 and 2017.So there are two major themes of the decline of advertising jobs,one that has to do with the companies that now create them and one that has to do with the way brands prefer to market themselves nowadays.In short,the future of the advertising business is being moved to technology companies managing ad networks and media companies making branded content-that is,away from the ad agencies. Which of the following is true of"branded content"?A.It is produced by media companies. B.It is similar to traditional advertising. C.It advertises famous journals. D.lts value has declined in recent years.

查看答案

考题 For the first time on record,the number of advertising-specific jobs in the U.S.is declining in the middle of an economic expansion,according to government data.What's going on?It's certainly not a case of fewer advertisements.The typical American has gone from seeing about 500 ads each day in the 1970s to about 5,000 today,according to a common industry statistic.That is one corporate message for roughly every 10 seconds of waking life.Instead,the mysterious decline can be explained by two developments.First,there are Facebook and Google.They are the largest advertising companies in the world-and,quite likely,the largest in the history of the world.Last year,90 percent of the growth of the digital-advertising business went to just these two firms.Facebook and Google are so profitable because they use their enormous scale and data to deliver targeted advertising at a low cost.This has forced the world's large advertising firms to preserve their profitability through a series of mergers,accompanied by jobs cut.s in the name of efficiency.The emergence of an advertising duopoly has coincided with the rise of"programmatic advertising,"a term that essentially means"companies using algorithms to buy and place ads in those little boxes all over the internet."As any Macl Men fan might intuit,advertising has long been a relationship-driven business,in which multimillion-dollar contracts are hammered out over one-on-one meetings,countless lunches,and even more-countless drinks.With programmatic technology,however,companies can buy access to specific audiences across several publishing platforms at once,bypassing the work of building relationships with each one.That process produces more ads and requires fewer people-or,at least,fewer traditional advertising jobs and more technical jobs.Second,there is the merging of the advertising and entertainment businesses.As smartphone screens have edged out TV as the most important real estate for media,companies have invested more in"branded content"-corporate-sponsored media,such as an article or video,that resembles traditional entertainment more than it does traditional advertising.Some of the most prominent names in journalism,such as The New York Times,BuzzFeed,Vice,and The Atlantic,are owned by companies that have launched their own branded-content shops,which operate as stand-alone divisions.As many media companies have tried to become more like advertising companies,the value of the average"creative-account win,"an ad-industry term for a new contract,has declined,falling by about 40 percent between 2016 and 2017.So there are two major themes of the decline of advertising jobs,one that has to do with the companies that now create them and one that has to do with the way brands prefer to market themselves nowadays.In short,the future of the advertising business is being moved to technology companies managing ad networks and media companies making branded content-that is,away from the ad agencies. Which of the following would be the best title for the text?A.Where Did All the Advertising Jobs Go? B.How Do Facebook and Google Produce Ads? C.Why is the Number of Ads Declining? D.What is the Future of the Advertising Business?

查看答案

考题 Text 2 It used to be so straightforward.A team of researchers working together in the laboratory would submit the results of their research to a journal.A journal editor would then remove the authors’names and affiliations from the paper and send it to their peers for review.Depending on the comments received,the editor would accept the paper for publication or decline it.Copyright rested with the journal publisher,and researchers seeking knowledge of the results would have to subscribe to the journal.No longer.The Internet–and pressure from funding agencies,who are questioning why commercial publishers are making money from government-funded research by restricting access to it–is making access to scientific results a reality.The Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development（OECD）has just issued a report describing the far-reaching consequences of this.The report,by John Houghton of Victoria University in Australia and Graham Vickery of the OECD,makes heavy reading for publishers who have,so far,made handsome profits.But it goes further than that.It signals a change in what has,until now,been a key element of scientific endeavor.The value of knowledge and the return on the public investment in research depends,in part,upon wide distribution and ready access.It is big business.In America,the core scientific publishing market is estimated at between$7 billion and$11 billion.The International Association of Scientific,Technical and Medical Publishers says that there are more than 2,000 publishers worldwide specializing in these subjects.They publish more than 1.2 million articles each year in some 16,000 journals.This is now changing.According to the OECD report,some 75%of scholarly journals are now online.Entirely new business models are emerging;three main ones were identified by the report’s authors.There is the so-called big deal,where institutional subscribers pay for access to a collection of online journal titles through site-licensing agreements.There is open-access publishing,typically supported by asking the author（or his employer）to pay for the paper to be published.Finally,there are open-access archives,where organizations such as universities or international laboratories support institutional repositories.Other models exist that are hybrids of these three,such as delayed open-access,where journals allow only subscribers to read a paper for the first six months,before making it freely available to everyone who wishes to see it.All this could change the traditional form of the peer-review process,at least for the publication of papers.26.In the first paragraph,the author discussesA.the background information of journal editing. B.the publication routine of laboratory reports. C.the relations of authors with journal publishers. D.the traditional process of journal publication.

查看答案

考题 Text 2 It used to be so straightforward.A team of researchers working together in the laboratory would submit the results of their research to a journal.A journal editor would then remove the authors’names and affiliations from the paper and send it to their peers for review.Depending on the comments received,the editor would accept the paper for publication or decline it.Copyright rested with the journal publisher,and researchers seeking knowledge of the results would have to subscribe to the journal.No longer.The Internet–and pressure from funding agencies,who are questioning why commercial publishers are making money from government-funded research by restricting access to it–is making access to scientific results a reality.The Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development（OECD）has just issued a report describing the far-reaching consequences of this.The report,by John Houghton of Victoria University in Australia and Graham Vickery of the OECD,makes heavy reading for publishers who have,so far,made handsome profits.But it goes further than that.It signals a change in what has,until now,been a key element of scientific endeavor.The value of knowledge and the return on the public investment in research depends,in part,upon wide distribution and ready access.It is big business.In America,the core scientific publishing market is estimated at between$7 billion and$11 billion.The International Association of Scientific,Technical and Medical Publishers says that there are more than 2,000 publishers worldwide specializing in these subjects.They publish more than 1.2 million articles each year in some 16,000 journals.This is now changing.According to the OECD report,some 75%of scholarly journals are now online.Entirely new business models are emerging;three main ones were identified by the report’s authors.There is the so-called big deal,where institutional subscribers pay for access to a collection of online journal titles through site-licensing agreements.There is open-access publishing,typically supported by asking the author（or his employer）to pay for the paper to be published.Finally,there are open-access archives,where organizations such as universities or international laboratories support institutional repositories.Other models exist that are hybrids of these three,such as delayed open-access,where journals allow only subscribers to read a paper for the first six months,before making it freely available to everyone who wishes to see it.All this could change the traditional form of the peer-review process,at least for the publication of papers.30.Which of the following best summarizes the text?A.The Internet is posing a threat to publishers. B.A new mode of publication is emerging. C.Authors welcome the new channel for publication. D.Publication is rendered easier by online service.

查看答案

考题 According to the postings, what skill should applicants at both companies have? （　　）A.International experience B.A university degree C.Creative skills D.An ability to work in groups

查看答案

考题资料：Many people think of internal control as a means of safeguarding cash and preventing fraud. Although internal control is an important factor in protecting assets and preventing fraud, this is only a part of its roles. Remember that business decisions are based on accounting data and the system of internal control provides assurance of the dependability of the accounting data used in making decisions. The decisions made by management are communicated throughout the organization and become company policy. The results of the policies-----the consequences of managerial decisions----must be reported back to management so that the soundness of company policies can be evaluated. Among the means of communication included in the system of internal control are organization charts, manuals of accounting policies and procedures, flow charts, financial forecasts, purchase orders, receiving reports, invoices, and other documents. The term documentation refers to all the charts, forms, reports, and other business papers that guide and describe the working of a company's system of accounting and internal control. Internal controls fall into two major classes: administrative controls and accounting controls. Administrative controls are measures that increase operational efficiency and compliance with policies in all parts of organization. For example, an administrative control may be a requirement that traveling salespersons submit reports showing the number of calls made on customers each day. Another example is a directive require airline pilots to have regular medical examinations. These internal administrative controls have no direct bearing on the reliability of the financial statements. Consequently, administrative controls are not of direct interest on accountants and independent auditors. Internal accounting controls are measures that relate to protection of assets and to the reliability of accounting and financial reports. An example is the requirement that a person whose duties involve handling cash shall not also maintain accounting records. More broadly stated, the accounting function must be kept separate from the custody of assets. Another accounting control is the requirement that checks, purchase orders, and other documents be serially numbered. Still another example is the rule that a person who orders merchandise and supplies should not be the one to receive them and should not sign checks to pay for them. The results of managerial decisions must be reported back to managements so that （）can be evaluated?A.The means of communication B.The level of performance in all divisions of the company C.The effectiveness of company policies D.The financial reports

查看答案

考题资料：Many people think of internal control as a means of safeguarding cash and preventing fraud. Although internal control is an important factor in protecting assets and preventing fraud, this is only a part of its roles. Remember that business decisions are based on accounting data and the system of internal control provides assurance of the dependability of the accounting data used in making decisions. The decisions made by management are communicated throughout the organization and become company policy. The results of the policies-----the consequences of managerial decisions----must be reported back to management so that the soundness of company policies can be evaluated. Among the means of communication included in the system of internal control are organization charts, manuals of accounting policies and procedures, flow charts, financial forecasts, purchase orders, receiving reports, invoices, and other documents. The term documentation refers to all the charts, forms, reports, and other business papers that guide and describe the working of a company's system of accounting and internal control. Internal controls fall into two major classes: administrative controls and accounting controls. Administrative controls are measures that increase operational efficiency and compliance with policies in all parts of organization. For example, an administrative control may be a requirement that traveling salespersons submit reports showing the number of calls made on customers each day. Another example is a directive require airline pilots to have regular medical examinations. These internal administrative controls have no direct bearing on the reliability of the financial statements. Consequently, administrative controls are not of direct interest on accountants and independent auditors. Internal accounting controls are measures that relate to protection of assets and to the reliability of accounting and financial reports. An example is the requirement that a person whose duties involve handling cash shall not also maintain accounting records. More broadly stated, the accounting function must be kept separate from the custody of assets. Another accounting control is the requirement that checks, purchase orders, and other documents be serially numbered. Still another example is the rule that a person who orders merchandise and supplies should not be the one to receive them and should not sign checks to pay for them. （）are not the means of communication included in the system of internal controls.A.Financial forecasts B.According rules C.Manuals of accounting policies and procedures D.Organization charts

查看答案

考题 A requirement is simply a statement of what the system must do or what characteristics it needs to have. Requirements evolve from broad statements of overall （ 71）from the system to detailed statements of the business capabilities that a system should support to detailed technical statements of the way in which the capabilities will be implemented in the new system. （72）focus on describing how to create the software product that will be produced from the project Nonfunctional requirements are primarily used in the design phase when decisions are made about the user interface, the hardware and software, and the system's underlying architecture. The system's physical and technical environments would be considered （73）. The speed, capacity, and reliability of the system belong to （74）.（75）describes that who has authorized access to the system under what circumstances. (72）处应选？A.User requirements B.Business requirements C.Function requirements D.System requirements

查看答案

考题 A requirement is simply a statement of what the system must do or what characteristics it needs to have. Requirements evolve from broad statements of overall （71）from the system to detailed statements of the business capabilities that a system should support to detailed technical statements of the way in which the capabilities will be implemented in the new system. （）focus on describing how to create the software product that will be produced from the project Nonfunctional requirements are primarily used in the design phase when decisions are made about the user interface, the hardware and software, and the system's underlying architecture. The system's physical and technical environments would be considered （）. The speed, capacity, and reliability of the system belong to （）.（）describes that who has authorized access to the system under what circumstances. （71）应选？A.business needs B.operation processes C.technical specification D.function components

查看答案

考题 A requirement is simply a statement of what the system must do or what characteristics it needs to have. Requirements evolve from broad statements of overall （71）from the system to detailed statements of the business capabilities that a system should support to detailed technical statements of the way in which the capabilities will be implemented in the new system. （72）focus on describing how to create the software product that will be produced from the project Nonfunctional requirements are primarily used in the design phase when decisions are made about the user interface, the hardware and software, and the system's underlying architecture. The system's physical and technical environments would be considered （73）. The speed, capacity, and reliability of the system belong to （74）.（75）describes that who has authorized access to the system under what circumstances. （75）应选？A.System constraint B.Cultural requirement C.Control requirement D.Security requirement

查看答案

考题 The food we eat seems to have profound effects on our health.Although science has made enormous steps in making food more fit to eat ,it has, at the same time,made many foods unfit to eat. Some research has shown that perhaps eighty percent of all human illnesses are related to diet and forty percent of cancer is related to the diet as well,especially cancer of the colon. Different cultures are more likely to cause certain different illnesses because of the food that is characteristic in these cultures. That food is related to illness is nto a new discovery. In 1945, about 35 years ago, government researchers realized that nitrates, commonly used to preserve color in meats,and other food additives,caused cancer. Yet, these carcinogenic additives remain in our food, and it becomes more difficult all the time to know which things on the packaging labels of processed food are helpful or harmful. The additives which we eat are not all so direct. Farmers often give penicillin to beef and living animals, and because of this ,penicillin has been found in the milk of treated cow. Sometimes similar drugs are given to animals not for medical purposes,but for financial reasons. The farmers are simply trying to fatten the animals in order to obtain a higher price on the market. Although the Food and Drug Administration(FDA) has tried repeatedly to control these procedures, the practices continue. What are nitrates used for?（）A、They preserve flavor in packaged foods.B、They preserve the color of meats.C、They are the objects of research.D、They cause the animals to become fatter.

查看答案

考题单选题Dozens of scientific groups all over the world have been _____ the goal of a practical and economic way to use sunlight to split water molecules.A pursuingB chasingC reachingD winning

查看答案

考题单选题The author considers a new scientific theory to be the ______.A basis for reaffirming a well-established scientific formulationB byproduct of an aesthetic experienceC tool used by a scientist to discover a new particularD result of highly creative scientific activity

查看答案

考题单选题A few years ago, computers were used only in business, in medicine, and for scientific research, ______ these days they are common in almost all schools.A though B whereasC so D therefore

查看答案

考题单选题Individually, each project was more adequate than notable, but the ______ of ideas when all the science students worked in harmony produced brilliant results.A tonalityB controlC acerbityD confluenceE appeal

查看答案

考题单选题According to the author, the creatives moved into new roles toA get their final say.B develop their new careers.C be involved in a more active way.D experience the new way of advertising.

查看答案

考题问答题Instructions:In this section, there is one passage followed by a summary. Read the passage carefully and complete the summary below by choosing no more than three words from the passage. Remember to write the answers on the Answer Sheet.　　Answers 1 - 5 are based on the following passage.　　Few would deny that what we see in the media affects the way we think and act. Advertisers, knowing this better than anyone else, pay millions of dollars every year to sell their products. For prime time television advertising in the United States, companies pay up to two million dollars for a single forty-second advertisement.　　In the competition for audience attention, advertisers will do almost anything they can think of to sell their product. A common tactic in commercial advertising is to tie the advertised product to sex or glamour, even when these features do not directly relate to the product. How many times have we seen a pretty woman selling a car? Other ads may make exaggerated claims about the effectiveness of their products.　　Consumer complaints about misleading or inappropriate content in advertisements have led to multiple restrictions on advertising. Laws exist in many countries to regulate advertising. In the United States, television advertisements for alcoholic beverages cannot show a person actually drinking the beverage.　　Restricting advertisers through legislation brings up issues of freedom of speech and individual rights. For this reason, US law makers have tried to avoid passing many laws that might limit advertisers’ rights. Instead, they have asked the advertising industry to find ways to regulate itself. This led to the creation of the National Advertising Review Council (NARC) in the 1970s.　　Major advertisers and advertising agencies set up NARC, an industry—run agency that would maintain standards of accuracy, morality, and social responsibility in advertising. Since then, there have been two branches within the organization: the National Advertising Division (NAD) and the National Advertising Review Board (NARB). The NAD is like the police of the organization. They receive complaints by consumers, consumer groups, companies, or associations about advertisements. NAD then investigates the ads and reports any misconduct. If NAD and the advertiser cannot find a way to correct the ad together, the case goes before the NARB for review. The Review Board then reviews the ad and makes a recommendation.　　As part of the trend towards non-governmental regulation, the media in which advertising appears also work as a kind of censor. Television stations all have departments for reviewing ads before the ads can be shown on the air. This is true for radio stations as well. Likewise, magazines and newspapers review ads before publication to make sure both the products and the content are appropriate for their readers. In addition to their reviews for appropriateness, some publications even check the accuracy of the information in the ads.　　Along with national advertising organizations and the media, individual advertising agencies comprise a third layer of censorship. Advertising agencies certainly want the public to have confidence in their ads. Therefore, most advertisers use market research as a way to verify the claims made in advertisements. Furthermore, if consumers learn about misleading claims in the ads for a product, the consumers can sue the advertisers. This is why most large advertising agencies employ in-house lawyers for reviewing ads.　　The medium of web advertising has opened entirely new questions about advertising, targeting one’s intended audience, and appropriateness of ad content. At the same time, consumers have made more and more focused demands on all forms of media. In the UK, for example, some have called for a ban on the advertising of fast food, which is widely blamed for problems of obesity. For the time being, a combination of government regulation, citizen demands, and industry self-regulation will continue to shape what marketers do.　　Summary　　Media affects the way we think and act. With so many advertisements, their creators must think of innovative ways to get consumers’　1　Some ads may make exaggerated claims about their products or have misleading content. Public complaints about advertising have led to government regulations in many countries. In the United States, advertisers have set up a self-policing　2　called NARC to censor ads. Through self-regulation, the industry avoids issues of　3　of speech and makes sure that their ads are accurate. Advertisers with deceptive ads can be　4　However, new forms of media, such as the web, have created new questions about　5　。

查看答案

考题单选题A few years ago, computers were used only in business, in medicine, and for scientific research, _____ these days they are common in almost all schools.A thoughB whereasC soD therefore

查看答案

网友您好， 请在下方输入框内输入要搜索的题目：

网友您好，请在下方输入框内输入要搜索的题目：