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名词解释题
Parkinson’s disease
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第三篇Wayne BenoWayne Beno was a true outdoorsman.Fishing,boating,hunting,walking through the woods with his three dogs,Wayne loved and did it all.Then life changed dramatically. Wayne was diagnosed with Parkinson's disease（帕金森氏病）."For the next thirteen years I took 28 pills a day,had horrible side effects,and even with all those pills I still had lots of shaking and tremors（颤抖）.I only went out during peak times,when I was looking and feeling my best.But that wasn't often and I really couldn't do much of anything.I felt like the life I loved was over,"said Wayne.Then Wayne's doctor in Green Bay suggested he consider a breakthrough surgical option being offered at Froedtert & the Medical College of Wisconsin called Deep Brain Stimulation（刺激）( DBS ). DBS is a surgical option used to treat disabling movement disorders related to Parkinson's disease,essential tremor and more,It is not a cure,but significant improvement is seen in most movement disorder cases,with relatively low risk to the patient.In addition to his doctor's recommendation,Wayne had a neighbor and fishing friend who had the DBS procedure at Froedtert & the Medical College of Wisconsin.His friend's experience convinced Wayne that the 180-mile trip from his home in Crivitz,Wisconsin could be well worth the effort.And was it ever."It was the best thing I ever did.I'm down to zero pills a day and I don't shake at all," reports Wayne. "Before the surgery,I felt bad every single day.Now I feel like my old self.I'm back to business as usual,which for me means fishing,fishing,and more fishing,every day of the year. Things just couldn't be any better!" What was true of the pills Wayne took for 13 years?A:They cured his disease.B:They produced terrible side effects.C:They stopped his shaking and tremors.D:They enabled him to go out as often as before.
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第三篇Wayne BenoWayne Beno was a true outdoorsman.Fishing,boating,hunting,walking through the woods with his three dogs,Wayne loved and did it all.Then life changed dramatically. Wayne was diagnosed with Parkinson's disease（帕金森氏病）."For the next thirteen years I took 28 pills a day,had horrible side effects,and even with all those pills I still had lots of shaking and tremors（颤抖）.I only went out during peak times,when I was looking and feeling my best.But that wasn't often and I really couldn't do much of anything.I felt like the life I loved was over,"said Wayne.Then Wayne's doctor in Green Bay suggested he consider a breakthrough surgical option being offered at Froedtert & the Medical College of Wisconsin called Deep Brain Stimulation（刺激）( DBS ). DBS is a surgical option used to treat disabling movement disorders related to Parkinson's disease,essential tremor and more,It is not a cure,but significant improvement is seen in most movement disorder cases,with relatively low risk to the patient.In addition to his doctor's recommendation,Wayne had a neighbor and fishing friend who had the DBS procedure at Froedtert & the Medical College of Wisconsin.His friend's experience convinced Wayne that the 180-mile trip from his home in Crivitz,Wisconsin could be well worth the effort.And was it ever."It was the best thing I ever did.I'm down to zero pills a day and I don't shake at all," reports Wayne. "Before the surgery,I felt bad every single day.Now I feel like my old self.I'm back to business as usual,which for me means fishing,fishing,and more fishing,every day of the year. Things just couldn't be any better!" Before getting Parkinson's disease,Wayne lovedA:social activities. B:outdoor activities.C:productive activities. D:quiet activities.
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More about Alzheimer's DiseaseScientists have developed skin tests that may be used in the future to identify people with Alzheimer's disease and may ultimately allow physicians to predict who is at risk of get-ting this neurological disorder.The only current means of diagnosing the disease in a living patient is a long and expen-sive series of tests that eliminate every other cause of dementia.“Since Aloes Alzheimer described the disease nearly a century ago,people have been trying to find a way to accurately diagnose it in its early stages,“said Patricia Grady,acting director of the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke in Bethesda,Mary-land."This discovery,if confirmed,could prove a big step forward in our efforts to deal with and understand the disease.”Alzheimer's is the single greatest cause of mental deterioration in older people,affecting between 2.5 million and 4 million people in the United States alone. The devastating disorder gradually destroys memory and the ability to function,and eventually causes death. There is currently no known treatment for the disease.Researches discovered that the skin cells of Alzheimer's patients have defects that inter-fere with their ability to regulate the flow of potassium in and out of the cells.The fact that the cell defects are present in the skin suggests that Alzheimer's results from physiological changes throughout the body,and that dementia may be the first noticeable effect of these changes as the defects affect the cells in the brain,scientists said.The flow of potassium is especially critical in cells responsible for memory formation. The scientists also found two other defects that affect the cells'supply of calcium,another critical element.One test developed by researches calls for growing skin cells in a laboratory culture and then testing them with an electrical detector to determine if the microscopic tunnels that govemn the flow of potassium are open. Open potassium channels create a unique electrical signature.A spokesman for the Alzheimer's Association said that if the validity of the diagnostictest can be proven it would be an important development,but cautioned that other promisingtests for Alzheimer's have been disappointing.The newly developed skin tests may be used in the future to allow doctorsto______.A:.cure those with Alzheimer's diseaseB: discover the cause of Alzheimer's diseaseC: predict who might get Alzheimer's diseaseD: find the consequence of Alzheimer's disease
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Parkinson's Disease1 Parkinson's disease affects the way you move.It happens when there is a problem with certain nerve cells in the brain. Normally , these nerve cells make an important chemical called dopamine（多巴胺）. Dopa-mine sends signals to the part of your brain that controls movement.It lets your muscles move smoothly and do what you want them to do.When you have Parkinson's,these nerve cells break down.Then you no longerhave enough dopamine,and you have trouble moving the way you want to.2 No one knows for sure what makes these nerve cells break down.But scientists are doing a lot of re-search to look for the answer. They are studying many possible causes,including aging and poisons in the en- vironment.Abnormal genes seem to lead to Parkinson's disease in some people.But so far,there is not enough proof to show that it is always inherited.3 Tremor（颤抖）may be the first symptom you notice.It is one of the most common signs of the disease,although not everyone has it.Tremor often starts in just one arm or leg or only on one side of the body.It may be worse when you are awake but not moving the affected arm or leg. It may get better when you move the limb or when you are asleep.In time,Parkinson's affects muscles all through your body,so it can lead to problems like trouble swallowing or constipation（便秘）.In the later stages of the disease , a person with Parkinson's may have a fixed or blank expression,trouble speaking,and other problems.Some people also have a decrease in mental skills.4 At this time,there is no cure for Parkinson's disease.But there are several types of medicines that can control the symptoms and make the disease easier to live with.You may not even need treatment if your symptoms are mild.Your doctor may wait to prescribe medicines until your symptoms start to get in the way of your daily life.Your doctor will adjust your medicines as your symptoms get worse.You may need to take several medicines to get the best results.You'll find it hard to move the way you want to__________.A:what affects muscles all through your bodyB:if there isn't enough dopamine in your bodyC:which cannot be cured yetD:which may be the first symptom you noticeE:if you have a fixed or blank expression F: what causes Parkinson's disease
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Parkinson's Disease1 Parkinson's disease affects the way you move.It happens when there is a problem with certain nerve cells in the brain. Normally , these nerve cells make an important chemical called dopamine（多巴胺）. Dopa-mine sends signals to the part of your brain that controls movement.It lets your muscles move smoothly and do what you want them to do.When you have Parkinson's,these nerve cells break down.Then you no longerhave enough dopamine,and you have trouble moving the way you want to.2 No one knows for sure what makes these nerve cells break down.But scientists are doing a lot of re-search to look for the answer. They are studying many possible causes,including aging and poisons in the en- vironment.Abnormal genes seem to lead to Parkinson's disease in some people.But so far,there is not enough proof to show that it is always inherited.3 Tremor（颤抖）may be the first symptom you notice.It is one of the most common signs of the disease,although not everyone has it.Tremor often starts in just one arm or leg or only on one side of the body.It may be worse when you are awake but not moving the affected arm or leg. It may get better when you move the limb or when you are asleep.In time,Parkinson's affects muscles all through your body,so it can lead to problems like trouble swallowing or constipation（便秘）.In the later stages of the disease , a person with Parkinson's may have a fixed or blank expression,trouble speaking,and other problems.Some people also have a decrease in mental skills.4 At this time,there is no cure for Parkinson's disease.But there are several types of medicines that can control the symptoms and make the disease easier to live with.You may not even need treatment if your symptoms are mild.Your doctor may wait to prescribe medicines until your symptoms start to get in the way of your daily life.Your doctor will adjust your medicines as your symptoms get worse.You may need to take several medicines to get the best results.One of the most common signs of Parkinson's is tremor,__________.A:what affects muscles all through your bodyB:if there isn't enough dopamine in your bodyC:which cannot be cured yetD:which may be the first symptom you noticeE:if you have a fixed or blank expression F: what causes Parkinson's disease
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Parkinson's Disease1 Parkinson's disease affects the way you move.It happens when there is a problem with certain nerve cells in the brain. Normally , these nerve cells make an important chemical called dopamine（多巴胺）. Dopa-mine sends signals to the part of your brain that controls movement.It lets your muscles move smoothly and do what you want them to do.When you have Parkinson's,these nerve cells break down.Then you no longerhave enough dopamine,and you have trouble moving the way you want to.2 No one knows for sure what makes these nerve cells break down.But scientists are doing a lot of re-search to look for the answer. They are studying many possible causes,including aging and poisons in the en- vironment.Abnormal genes seem to lead to Parkinson's disease in some people.But so far,there is not enough proof to show that it is always inherited.3 Tremor（颤抖）may be the first symptom you notice.It is one of the most common signs of the disease,although not everyone has it.Tremor often starts in just one arm or leg or only on one side of the body.It may be worse when you are awake but not moving the affected arm or leg. It may get better when you move the limb or when you are asleep.In time,Parkinson's affects muscles all through your body,so it can lead to problems like trouble swallowing or constipation（便秘）.In the later stages of the disease , a person with Parkinson's may have a fixed or blank expression,trouble speaking,and other problems.Some people also have a decrease in mental skills.4 At this time,there is no cure for Parkinson's disease.But there are several types of medicines that can control the symptoms and make the disease easier to live with.You may not even need treatment if your symptoms are mild.Your doctor may wait to prescribe medicines until your symptoms start to get in the way of your daily life.Your doctor will adjust your medicines as your symptoms get worse.You may need to take several medicines to get the best results.Paragraph 1__________A:Means of Diagnosis of the DiseaseB:Tips for Patients With the DiseaseC:Common Treatment for the DiseaseD:Definition of Parkinson's DiseaseE:Possible Causes of the DiseaseF: Typical Symptoms of the Disease
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Parkinson's Disease1 Parkinson's disease affects the way you move.It happens when there is a problem with certain nerve cells in the brain. Normally , these nerve cells make an important chemical called dopamine（多巴胺）. Dopa-mine sends signals to the part of your brain that controls movement.It lets your muscles move smoothly and do what you want them to do.When you have Parkinson's,these nerve cells break down.Then you no longerhave enough dopamine,and you have trouble moving the way you want to.2 No one knows for sure what makes these nerve cells break down.But scientists are doing a lot of re-search to look for the answer. They are studying many possible causes,including aging and poisons in the en- vironment.Abnormal genes seem to lead to Parkinson's disease in some people.But so far,there is not enough proof to show that it is always inherited.3 Tremor（颤抖）may be the first symptom you notice.It is one of the most common signs of the disease,although not everyone has it.Tremor often starts in just one arm or leg or only on one side of the body.It may be worse when you are awake but not moving the affected arm or leg. It may get better when you move the limb or when you are asleep.In time,Parkinson's affects muscles all through your body,so it can lead to problems like trouble swallowing or constipation（便秘）.In the later stages of the disease , a person with Parkinson's may have a fixed or blank expression,trouble speaking,and other problems.Some people also have a decrease in mental skills.4 At this time,there is no cure for Parkinson's disease.But there are several types of medicines that can control the symptoms and make the disease easier to live with.You may not even need treatment if your symptoms are mild.Your doctor may wait to prescribe medicines until your symptoms start to get in the way of your daily life.Your doctor will adjust your medicines as your symptoms get worse.You may need to take several medicines to get the best results.A person with Parkinson's has to learn to live with the disease,__________.A:what affects muscles all through your bodyB:if there isn't enough dopamine in your bodyC:which cannot be cured yetD:which may be the first symptom you noticeE:if you have a fixed or blank expression F: what causes Parkinson's disease
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DepressionEveryone occasionally feels blue or sad.But these feelings are usually short-lived and pass within a couple of days.Depression is a common but serious illness.Major depression prevents a person from functioning normally.It interferes with a person's ability to work,sleep,study,eat,and enjoy once-pleasurable activities.Minor depression is character-ized by having symptoms for 2 weeks or longer that do not meet full criteria for major depression. Without treatment,people with minor depression are at high risk for developing major depressive disorder.The severity,frequency,and duration of symptoms vary depending on the individual and his or her particular illness.They include persistent sad,anxious,feelings of hopelessness,guilt,worth-lessness,or helplessness,loss of interest in activities or hobbies once-pleasurable,fatigue and decreased energy,difficulty in concentrating,remembering details,and making decisions,insomnia, early-morning wakefulness,or excessive sleeping,suicide attempts.Depression also may occur with other serious medical illnesses such as heart disease,stroke, cancer,HI V/AIDS,diabetes,and Parkinson's disease.Depression is related to a combination of genetic,biological,environmental,and psychological factors.Research indicates that depressive illnesses are disorders of the brain.Brain-imaging tech-nologies,such as magnetic resonance imaging(MRI),have shown that the brains of people who have depression look different than those of people without depression.Some types of depression tend to run in families.In addition,trauma,loss of a loved one,a difficult relationship,or any stressful situation may trigger a depressive episode.Biological,life cycle,hormonal,and psychosocial factors that women experience may be related to women's higher depression rate.For example,women are especially vulnerable to developing postpartum depression after giving birth.Besides,during the transition into menopause,some women experience an increased risk for depression.It is still unclear,though,why some women faced with enormous challenges develop depression,while others with similar challenges do not.Some women experience an increased risk for depression when_________.A:feelings of guilt or worthlessnessB:developing postpartum depression after giving birthC:going through a transition into menopauseD:symptoms for 2 weeks that is slightly different from major depressionE:his family member has depression tooF: heart disease,stroke,cancer,HIV/AIDS,diabetes,and Parkinson's disease
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Sport or Spectacle?Muhammad Aui is probably the most famous sports figure on earth:he is recognized on every continent and by all generations. The__________(51)of his illness as Parkinson's disease after his retirement fuelled the debate about the dangers of boxing and criticism__________(52)the sport. That,plus his outspoken opposition___________(53)women's boxing,made people wonder how he would react when one of his daugh- ters decided to____________(54)up the sport.His presence at Laila's first professional fight,however,seemed to broadcast a father's support.Of course Muhammad Aui wanted to___________(55)his daughter fight.The ring announcer introduced him as the"the greatest"and as he sat down at the ringside the crowd chanted.Twenty-one-year-old Laila's debut fight（首次亮相）was a huge success and there was as much publicity for the___________(56)as her father's fights once attracted Laila's opponent was much weaker than she was and__________(57)the fight lasted just 31 seconds.Since then, Laila has won most of her fights by knoc-king out her opponent"She knows ______ (58)she's doing,"said one referee about her."She knowsabout moving well.You can see some of her dad's moves."Laila Ali would rather not_________ (59)herself to her father. She prefers to make. __________(60). Her father supports her decision to enter the sport but he has not spared her the details of what can happen. Laila__________(61)that her father wants her to understand the worst possible scenario to see_________(62) she still wants to go forward with it.She knows she's going to get hit hard at times,that she may get a broken nose or a swollen（肿胀的）face , but at least she is prepared for it.Laila's decision to start boxing despite her father's__________(63)with the symptoms of Parkinson's disease has of course sparked a mixture of praise and__________(64).But Laila is a determined individual and it is her famous last name that has made her a magnet for worldwide media attention.Of course,the ___________(65)on the boxing scene of a woman with her family history attracts even more questions about whether women's boxing is sport or spectacle._________(53)A:inB:onC:toD:by
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应用1-甲基-4-苯基1，2，3，6-四氢吡啶（MPTP）可以诱发出与下列哪种疾病极其相似的综合征（）A、Huntington’s病B、FriedreiCh’s病C、Sydenham’s病D、Parkinson’s病E、ALS
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问答题Many have come to believe that Type A's are at a much higher risk of suffering heart attack or dying of heart disease than others.
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单选题Select one answer choice. Based on information from the passage, which of these people would be MOST likely to develop Huntington’s disease?A
Someone who carries the huntingtin geneB
Someone whose parents come from PortugalC
Someone with 25 CAG repetitions in the huntingtin geneD
Someone of Romanian ancestryE
Someone whose grandfather died of Huntington’s disease
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多选题Consider each of the choices separately and select all that apply. If a father of four children carries the Huntington’s mutation, which of these is true?ATwo of the four children may inherit the mutation.BTwo of the four children may have the disease.CTwo of the four children may end up disease free.
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单选题Which of the following is the best version of sentences 10 and 11 (reproduced below) ?It is easy to see why this disease has been dismissed and ignored. Its because of it’s vagueness and mystery.A
This disease has been dismissed and ignored because of its vagueness and mystery.B
It is easy to see why this disease has been dismissed and ignored. It’s because of the vagueness and the mystery.C
Vagueness and mystery dismiss and ignore this disease.D
Why this disease has been dismissed and ignored is because of its vagueness and mystery.E
It is easy for you to see why this disease has been dismissed and ignored. It is because of the vagueness and mystery.
考题
单选题Interpersonal relationships are important because _____.A
they are indispensable to people’s social well-beingB
they awaken people’s desire to exchange resourcesC
they help people to cope with life in the information eraD
they can cure a range of illnesses such as heart disease, etc
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填空题艾迪生病(Addison’s disease)时皮肤粘膜的色素沉着，主要与_____、_____、_____分泌增多有关。
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