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火山弹（volcanic bomb）
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Older Volcanic EruptionsVolcanoes were more destructive in ancient history,not because they were bigger,but because the carbon dioxide they released wiped out life with greater ease.Paul Wignall from the University of Leeds was investigating the link between volcanic eruptions and mass extinctions.Not all volcanic eruptions killed off large numbers of animals,but all the mass extinctions over the past 300 million years coincided with huge formations of volcanic rock.To his surprise,the older the massive volcanic eruptions were,the more damage they seemed to do.He calculated the"killing efficiency" for these volcanoes by comparing the proportion of life they killed off with the volume of lava（熔岩）that they produced.He found that size for size,older eruptions were at least 10 times as effective at wiping out life as their more recent rivals.The Permian（二叠纪）extinction,for example,which happened 250 million years ago,is marked by floods of volcanic rock in Siberia that cover an area roughly the size of western Europe.Those volcanoes are thought to have pumped out about 10 gigatonnes of carbon as carbon dioxide.The global warming that followed wiped out 80 percent of all marine genera（种类）at the time,and it took 5 million years for the planet to recover.Yet 60 million years ago,there was another huge amount of volcanic activity and global warming but no mass extinction.Some animals did disappear but things returned to normal within ten thousand of years."The most recent ones hardlyhave an effect at all,"Wignall says.He ignored the extinction which wiped out the dinosaurs 65 million years ago,because many scientists believe it was primarily caused by the impact of an asteroid（小行星）.He thinks that older volcanoes had more killing power because more recent life forms were better adapted to dealing with increased levels of CO2．Vincent Courtill.ot,director of the Paris Geophysical Institute in France,says that Wignall's idea is provocative.But he says it is incredibly hard to do these sorts of calculations.He points out that the killing power of volcanic eruptions depends on how long they lasted.And it is impossible to tell whether the huge blasts lasted for tliousands or millions of years.He also adds that it is difficult to estimate how much lava prehistoric volcanoes produced,and that lava volume may not necessarily correspond to carbon dioxide emissions。What is the main thesis of the article?A:Volcanic eruptions are riot always deadly.B:Older volcanic eruptions are more destructive.C:Carbon dioxide emissions often give rise to global warming.D:It is not easy to calculate the killing power of a volcanic eruption.
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In the confusion after the bomb blast,I lost my bag and wasn't able to stop and look for it.A:hurry
B:disorder
C:circumstance
D:panic
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In April,thousands of holidaymakers remained__________abroad due to the volcanic ash cloud.A.sticking
B.stuck
C.to be stuck
D.to have stuck
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The following are the volcanic mountains in North Island except（）ARuapehuBMt CookCNgaurohoeDTongariro
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单选题Evidence collected by the spacecraft on Mars shows some present volcanic action,though the volcanoes are believed to be dormant if not dead.A
deceasedB
departedC
disappeared.D
extinct
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单选题According to the passage, some people started a national association so as to _____.A
instruct people how to keep the bomb safe at homeB
coordinate the mass production of the destructive weaponC
promote the large-scale sale of this newly invented weaponD
block any legislation to ban the private possession of the bomb
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单选题Airport security was extra tight（）yesterday's bomb attacks.A
in the wake ofB
sinceC
inspite ofD
during
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单选题During volcanic _____, dark clouds of smoke fill the sky, bringing fears to local residents.A
eruptionB
ejectionC
erosionD
erection
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单选题The following are the volcanic mountains in North Island except（）A
RuapehuB
Mt CookC
NgaurohoeD
Tongariro
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名词解释题火山弹（volcanic bomb）
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