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The following appeared in a memorandum issued by the swategic planning department at Omifi Inc. “Mesa Foods, a manufacturer of snack foods that currently markets its products within a relatively small region of the country, has strong growth potential. Mesa eaioyed a 20 percent increase in profits last year, and its best-selling product, Diabolique Salsa, has had increased sales over each of the past three years. Since Omni Inc. is interested in reaching14-to-25-year olds, the age group that consumes the most snack food, we should buy Mesa Foods, and concentrate in particular on marketing Diabolique Salsa throughout the counlry.” Discuss how well-reasoned you find this argument. In your discussion, be sure to analyze the line of reasoning and the use of evidence in the argument. For example, you may need to consider what questionable assumptions underlie the thinking and what alternative examples or counterexamples might weaken the conclusion. You can also discuss what sort of evidence would strengthen or refute the argument, what changes in the argument would make it more logically sound, and what, if anything, would help you better evaluate its conclusion.
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更多 “问答题The following appeared in a memorandum issued by the swategic planning department at Omifi Inc. “Mesa Foods, a manufacturer of snack foods that currently markets its products within a relatively small region of the country, has strong growth potential. Mesa eaioyed a 20 percent increase in profits last year, and its best-selling product, Diabolique Salsa, has had increased sales over each of the past three years. Since Omni Inc. is interested in reaching14-to-25-year olds, the age group that consumes the most snack food, we should buy Mesa Foods, and concentrate in particular on marketing Diabolique Salsa throughout the counlry.” Discuss how well-reasoned you find this argument. In your discussion, be sure to analyze the line of reasoning and the use of evidence in the argument. For example, you may need to consider what questionable assumptions underlie the thinking and what alternative examples or counterexamples might weaken the conclusion. You can also discuss what sort of evidence would strengthen or refute the argument, what changes in the argument would make it more logically sound, and what, if anything, would help you better evaluate its conclusion.” 相关考题
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3 Mark Howe, Managing Director of Auto Direct, is a victim of his own success. Mark has created an innovative wayof selling cars to the public which takes advantage of the greater freedom given to independent car distributors tomarket cars more aggressively within the European Union. This reduces the traditional control and interference of theautomobile manufacturers, some of whom own their distributors. He has opened a number of showrooms in theLondon region and by 2004 Auto Direct had 20 outlets in and around London. The concept is deceptively simple;Mark buys cars from wherever he can source them most cheaply and has access to all of the leading volume carmodels. He then concentrates on selling the cars to the public, leaving servicing and repair work to other specialistgarages. He offers a classic high volume/low margin business model.Mark now wants to develop this business model onto a national and eventually an international basis. His immediateplans are to grow the number of outlets by 50% each year for the next three years. Such growth will placeconsiderable strain on the existing organisation and staff. Each showroom has its own management team, salespersonnel and administration. Currently the 20 showrooms are grouped into a Northern and Southern Sales Divisionwith a small head office team for each division. Auto Direct now employs 250 people.Mark now needs to communicate the next three-year phase of the company’s ambitious growth plans to staff and isanxious to get an understanding of staff attitudes towards the company and its growth plans. He is aware that youare a consultant used to advising firms on the changes associated with rapid growth and the way to generate positivestaff attitudes to change.Required:(a) Using appropriate strategies for managing change provide Mark with a brief report on how he can best createa positive staff response to the proposed growth plans. (12 marks)
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1 Geno Vesa Farm (GVF), a limited liability company, is a cheese manufacturer. Its principal activity is the productionof a traditional ‘Farmhouse’ cheese that is retailed around the world to exclusive shops, through mail order and websales. Other activities include the sale of locally produced foods through a farm shop and cheese-makingdemonstrations and tours.The farm’s herd of 700 goats is used primarily for the production of milk. Kids (i.e. goat offspring), which are asecondary product, are selected for herd replacement or otherwise sold. Animals held for sale are not usually retainedbeyond the time they reach optimal size or weight because their value usually does not increase thereafter.There are two main variations of the traditional farmhouse cheese; ‘Rabida Red’ and ‘Bachas Blue’. The red cheeseis coloured using Innittu, which is extracted from berries found only in South American rain forests. The cost of Innittuhas risen sharply over the last year as the collection of berries by local village workers has come under the scrutinyof an international action group. The group is lobbying the South American government to ban the export of Innittu,claiming that the workers are being exploited and that sustaining the forest is seriously under threat.Demand for Bachas Blue, which is made from unpasteurised milk, fell considerably in 2003 following the publicationof a research report that suggested a link between unpasteurised milk products and a skin disorder. The financialstatements for the year ended 30 September 2004 recognised a material impairment loss attributable to theequipment used exclusively for the manufacture of Bachas Blue. However, as the adverse publicity is gradually beingforgotten, sales of Bachas Blue are now showing a steady increase and are currently expected to return to their formerlevel by the end of September 2005.Cheese is matured to three strengths – mild, medium and strong – depending on the period of time it is left to ripen,which is six, 12 and 18 months respectively. When produced, the cheese is sold to a financial institution, AbingdonBank, at cost. Under the terms of sale, GVF has the option to buy the cheese on its maturity at cost plus 7% forevery six months which has elapsed.All cheese is stored to maturity on wooden boards in GVF’s cool and airy sheds. However, recently enacted healthand safety legislation requires that the wooden boards be replaced with stainless steel shelves with effect from 1 July2005. The management of GVF has petitioned the government health department that to comply with the legislationwould interfere with the maturing process and the production of medium and strong cheeses would have to cease.In 2003, GVF applied for and received a substantial regional development grant for the promotion of tourism in thearea. GVF’s management has deferred its plan to convert a disused barn into holiday accommodation from 2004until at least 2006.Required:(a) Identify and explain the principal audit risks to be considered when planning the final audit of GVF for theyear ending 30 September 2005. (14 marks)
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6 The explosive growth of investing and raising capital in the global markets has put new emphasis on the developmentof international accounting, auditing and ethical standards. The International Federation of Accountants (IFAC) hasbeen at the forefront of the development of the worldwide accountancy profession through its activities in ethics,auditing and education.Required:Explain the developments in each of the following areas and indicate how they affect Chartered CertifiedAccountants:(a) IFAC’s ‘Code of Ethics for Professional Accountants’; (5 marks)
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(Science Has Spoiled My Supper) What the author calls “cheese foods” used to be hand-made in small factories.()
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Bryce’s Department Store ___ its furniture department about a year ago.
A、enlargedB、was enlargedC、has enlargedD、has been enlarged
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Directions:The following isan introduction of a company.After reading it, you should give brief answers to the five questions ( No.56 to No. 60) that follow. The answers（in not more than 3 words）should be written after the corresponding numbers on the Answer Sheet.Ditis Hong Kong Ltd is a manufacturer of security products and peripheral equipment, knowledge-based company. All of our managers has high technical education and fluently spoken English, Chinese, Japanese and Russian. We major in professional digital security products. Our products with advanced technology, stable performance, cost-effective, stylish design, excellent quality, has won the trust of customers and a wide range of popular.Being a professional manufacturer of security products, we value Innovation, Dedication and Superiority, and satisfy our customers by adding new designs and features to our products according to customers needs.Our service knowledge is second to none. We really appreciate your business and hope to deal with you again.We sincerely welcome customers to visit and give us your advice.41．What kind of company is Ditis Hong Kong Ltd?Ditis Hong Kong Ltd is a manufacturer of ________ and peripheral equipment, knowledge-based company.42. What’s the educational background of the managers in Ditis Hong Kong Ltd?All of our managers has ________________.43. What’s the major products of the company?They major in ______________ products.44. How can the company satisfy its customers?It satisfies its customers by adding ____________to our products according to customers needs45. How about the service and knowledge of the company?Our service knowledge is ___________.
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Every country and every nation has its own ______ and cultural tradition, strong points and advantages.A、historianB、historyC、historicalD、heroine
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All the following are traditional Thanksgiving Day foods except______.A. Cranberry sauceB. Pumpkin pieC. Pecan pieD. Roast turkey
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Which foods should be eaten to keep us healthy?Let us look at some important vitamins for these answers.Vitamin A helps prevent skin and other tissues from becoming dry.People who do not get enough vitamin A cannot see well in darkness.Vitamin A is found in fish liver oil.It also is in the yellow part of eggs.Sweet potatoes,carrots and other darkly colored fruits and vegetables contain substances that the body can change into vitamin A.Vitamin B-one changes starchy（含淀粉的）foods into energy. It also helps the heart and nervous system work smoothly.Without it,we would be weak and would not grow.Vitamin B-one is found not just in whole grains like brown rice,but also in other foods.These include beans and peas,nuts,and meat and fish.Vitamin B-twelve is needed so folic acid（叶酸）can do its work. Together, they help produce red blood cells.Vitamin B-twelve is found naturally in foods such as eggs,meat,fish and milk products.Folic acid has been shown to prevent physical problems in babies when taken by their mothers during pregnancy.Vitamin B-twelve is found in green leafy vegetables and other foods,like legumes and citrus fruits.In some countries,it is added to products like bread.Vitamin C is needed for strong bones and teeth,and for healthy blood passages.It also helps wounds heal quickly.The body stores little vitamin C.So we must get it every day in foods such as citrus（柑橘类）fruits,tomatoes and uncooked cabbage.Vitamin D increases levels of the element calcium in the blood.Calcium is needed for nerve and muscle cells to work normally.It also is needed to build strong bones.Ultraviolet light from the sun changes a substance in the skin into vitamin D.Fish liver oil also contains vitamin D.Vitamin K is needed for healthy blood.It thickens the blood around a cut to stop bleeding. Vitamin K can be found in pork products,liver and in vegetables like cabbage,kale and spinach. In most countries,vitamin B-twelve is added to products like bread.A:Right B:Wrong C:Not mentioned
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Which foods should be eaten to keep us healthy?Let us look at some important vitamins for these answers.Vitamin A helps prevent skin and other tissues from becoming dry.People who do not get enough vitamin A cannot see well in darkness.Vitamin A is found in fish liver oil.It also is in the yellow part of eggs.Sweet potatoes,carrots and other darkly colored fruits and vegetables contain substances that the body can change into vitamin A.Vitamin B-one changes starchy（含淀粉的）foods into energy. It also helps the heart and nervous system work smoothly.Without it,we would be weak and would not grow.Vitamin B-one is found not just in whole grains like brown rice,but also in other foods.These include beans and peas,nuts,and meat and fish.Vitamin B-twelve is needed so folic acid（叶酸）can do its work. Together, they help produce red blood cells.Vitamin B-twelve is found naturally in foods such as eggs,meat,fish and milk products.Folic acid has been shown to prevent physical problems in babies when taken by their mothers during pregnancy.Vitamin B-twelve is found in green leafy vegetables and other foods,like legumes and citrus fruits.In some countries,it is added to products like bread.Vitamin C is needed for strong bones and teeth,and for healthy blood passages.It also helps wounds heal quickly.The body stores little vitamin C.So we must get it every day in foods such as citrus（柑橘类）fruits,tomatoes and uncooked cabbage.Vitamin D increases levels of the element calcium in the blood.Calcium is needed for nerve and muscle cells to work normally.It also is needed to build strong bones.Ultraviolet light from the sun changes a substance in the skin into vitamin D.Fish liver oil also contains vitamin D.Vitamin K is needed for healthy blood.It thickens the blood around a cut to stop bleeding. Vitamin K can be found in pork products,liver and in vegetables like cabbage,kale and spinach. Vitamin A is found in the yellow part of eggs.A:Right B:Wrong C:Not mentioned
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Which foods should be eaten to keep us healthy?Let us look at some important vitamins for these answers.Vitamin A helps prevent skin and other tissues from becoming dry.People who do not get enough vitamin A cannot see well in darkness.Vitamin A is found in fish liver oil.It also is in the yellow part of eggs.Sweet potatoes,carrots and other darkly colored fruits and vegetables contain substances that the body can change into vitamin A.Vitamin B-one changes starchy（含淀粉的）foods into energy. It also helps the heart and nervous system work smoothly.Without it,we would be weak and would not grow.Vitamin B-one is found not just in whole grains like brown rice,but also in other foods.These include beans and peas,nuts,and meat and fish.Vitamin B-twelve is needed so folic acid（叶酸）can do its work. Together, they help produce red blood cells.Vitamin B-twelve is found naturally in foods such as eggs,meat,fish and milk products.Folic acid has been shown to prevent physical problems in babies when taken by their mothers during pregnancy.Vitamin B-twelve is found in green leafy vegetables and other foods,like legumes and citrus fruits.In some countries,it is added to products like bread.Vitamin C is needed for strong bones and teeth,and for healthy blood passages.It also helps wounds heal quickly.The body stores little vitamin C.So we must get it every day in foods such as citrus（柑橘类）fruits,tomatoes and uncooked cabbage.Vitamin D increases levels of the element calcium in the blood.Calcium is needed for nerve and muscle cells to work normally.It also is needed to build strong bones.Ultraviolet light from the sun changes a substance in the skin into vitamin D.Fish liver oil also contains vitamin D.Vitamin K is needed for healthy blood.It thickens the blood around a cut to stop bleeding. Vitamin K can be found in pork products,liver and in vegetables like cabbage,kale and spinach. Vitamin K is needed for strong bones.A:Right B:Wrong C:Not mentioned
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Food FrightExperiments under way in several labs aim to create beneficial types of genetically modified(GM)foods,including starchier potatoes and caffeine-free coffee beans.Genetic engineers are even trying to transfer genes from a cold-water fish to make a frost-resistant tomato.A low-sugar GM strawberry now in the works might one day allow people with health problems such as diabetes to enjoy the little delicious red fruits again.GM beans and grains supercharged with protein might help people at risk of developing kwashiorkor. Kwashiorkor,a disease caused by severe lack of protein,is common in parts of the world where there are severe food shortages.Commenting on GM foods,Jonathon Jones,a British researcher,said,"The future benefits will be enormous,and the best is yet to come."To some people,GM foods are no different from unmodified foods."A tomato is a tomato," said Brian Sansoni,an American food manufacturer.Critics of GM foods challenge Sansoni's opinion.They worry about the harm that GM crops might do to people,other animals,and plants.In a recent lab study conducted at Cornell University,scientists tested pollen made by Bt corn,which makes up one-fourth of the U .S.corn crop.The scientist sprinkled the pollen onto milkweed,a plant that makes a milky juice and is the only known food source of the monarch but-terfly caterpillar. Within four days of munching on the milkweed leaves,almost half of a test group of caterpillars had died."Monarchs are considered to be a flagship species for conservation,"said Cornell researcher Linda Raynor."This is a warning bell."Some insects that are not killed by GM foods might find themselves made stronger. How so? The insecticides used to protect most of today's crops are sprayed on the crops when needed and decay quickly in the environment.But GM plants produce a continuous level of insecticide.Insect species feeding on those crops may develop resistance to the plants and could do so in a hurry, say the critics.Insects may also develop a resistance to the insecticide Bt.At the forum on GM food held last year in Canada,GM crops that have been made resistant to the herbicide might crossbreed with wild plants,creating"superweeds"that could take over whole fields.So where do you stand?Should GM foods be banned in the United States,as they are in parts of Europe?Or do their benefits outweigh any of the risks they might carry? Which of the following statements concerning banning GM foods is true according to the passage?A: Underdeveloped countries have banned GM foods.B: Both Europe and the U.S.have banned GM foods.C: Most European countries have not banned GM foods.D: The United States has not banned GM foods.
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Consequently,there has been a growing interest in natural foods:foods which do not contain additives and which have not been（ ）by chemical fertilizers widely used in farming today.A.effected
B.interfered
C.disturbed
D.affected
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The colourful chalkboards and baskets of fruit that greet customers at the entrances of Whole Foods Market's shops paint a rosy picture.Yet shares in the American seller of organic and natural food have fallen by more than 40%since hitting a peak last October,in a period when stock markets have been strong.
It is not that the retailer is in immediate crisis:its latest quarterly figures,on July 30th heowed sales and profits both up a bit.And it is not that people are going off the idea of paying more for food produced without chemical fertilisers,pesticides or additives:the International Federation of Organic Agriculture Movements reckons that the industry's worldwide revenues were a record of 63 billion in 2012;and Techsci Research,a market-research firm,predicts that the American market for such foods-the worlds largest-may grow by 14%by 2018.
The problem is that at Whole Foods,shoppers have been paying way over the cost of regular produce,and its success in getting them to do so has now attracted a lot of competitors,from rival organics chains like Sprouts and Trader Joe's to mass-market retailers like Walmart and Costco.As a result,the price premium for organic produce is crashing down.On a recent shopping trip,a pound of organic apples cost 2.99 at Whole Foods but just 1.99 at Sprouts and even less at Costco.
The firm has been trimming costs to keep its margins up,but the slump in its share price reflects investors expectation that this cannot continue,that profits will suffer and that Whole Foods'dominance of the market is coming to an end.
That the company has had to recall a number of products—in late July it and other grocers recalled plums and peaches suspected of contamination with Listeria bacteria—has made it harder to maintain an air of superiority over its competitors.Organic foods'claim to superiority is questionable anyway.Both Britain's Food Standards Agency and the Annals of Internal Medicine,a journal,concluded after reviewing the extensive studies on the issue that there is no substantial difference in the nutritiousness of organics and non-organics.In some respects organics may be bad for the environment,because growing them uses land less efficiently than non-organics.
As for“natural”foods,there is no official definition of this,inAmericaat least;so the label,which Whole Foods also applies to many products,is close to meaningless.Alan McHughen,a botanist at the University of California,Riverside,argues that the whole industry is 99%marketing and public perception,reeling people in through a fabricated conceptof a time when food,and life in general,was simple and wholesome.
If true,the trick has worked nicely for Whole Foods.But its success has attracted so many imitators that it is losing its uniqueness Even recent speculation about a takeover bid has failed to lift its shares.It may insist its food is sustainable But it seems its prices are not.下列哪一选项与划线部分所表达意思相同A.Crisis Seems Far
B.The Firm Is at Risk
C.More Rivals Join In
D.Natural Foods Are Unreal
E.Stop Buying Organic Foods
F.The Recall Makes Things Worse
G.Traditional Foods Face Challenge
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The colourful chalkboards and baskets of fruit that greet customers at the entrances of Whole Foods Market's shops paint a rosy picture.Yet shares in the American seUer of organic and natural food have fallen by more than 40%since hitting a peak last October,in a period when stock markets have been strong.41.It is not that the retailer is in immediate crisis:its latest quarterly figures,on July 30th,showed sales and profits both up a bit.And it is not that people are going off the idea of paying more for food produced without chemical fertilisers,pesticides or additives:the Intemational Federation of Organic Agriculture Movements reckons that the industry's worldwide revenues were a record of 63 biUion in 2012;and Techsci Research,a market-research firm,predicts that the American market for such foods-the world's largest-may grow by 14%by 2018.42.The problem is that at Whole Foods,shoppers have been paying way over the cost of regular produce,and its success in getting them to do so has now attracted a lot of competitors,from rival organics chains like Sprouts and Trader Joe's to mass-market retailers like Walmart and Costco.As a result,the pnce premium for organic produce is crashing down.On a recent shopping trip,a pound of organic apples cost 2.99 at Wbole Foods but just l.99 at Sprouts and even less at Costco.43.The firm has been trimming costs to keep its margins up,but the slump in its share price reflects investors'expectation that this cannot continue,that profits will suffer and that Whole Foods'dominance of the market is coming to an end.44.That the company has had to recall a number of products-in late July it and other grocers recalled plums and peaches suspected of contanunation with Listeria bacteria-has made it harder to maintain an air of superiority over its competitors.Organic foods'claim to superiority is questionable anyway.Both Britain's Food Standards Agency and the Annals of Internal Medicine,a journal,concluded after reviewing the extensive studies on the issue that there is no substantial difference in the nutriliousness of organics and non-organics.In some respects organics may be bad for the environment,because growing them uses land less efficiendy than non-organics.45.As for"natural"foods,there is no official definition of this,in America at least;so the label,which Whole Foods also applies to many products,is close to meaningless.Alan McHughen,a bota-nist at the University of California,Riverside,argues that the whole industry is"99%marketing;and public perception,"reeling people in through a fabricated concept of a time when food,and life in general,was simple and wholesome.If true,the trick has worked nicely for Whole Foods.But its success has attracted so many imitators that it is losing its uniqueness.Even recent speculation about a takeover bid has failed to lift its shares.It may insist its food is sustainable.But it seem8 its prices are not.43选？A.Crisis Seems Far
B.The Firm Is At Risk
C.More Rivals Join In
D.Natural Foods Are Unreal
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Action Aid also accuses British Foods ______ using its branch companies to reduce its taxes in Africa by millions of dollars.A.in
B.of
C.for
D.to
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In any country, the "standard ofliving" means the average person′s share of the goods and services whichthe country produces. Therefore, a country′s standard of living depends firstand foremost on its capacity to produce wealth. "Wealth" in thissense is not money, but "goods" such as food and clothing, and"services" such as transport and entertainment.
The capacity to produce wealth depends uponmany factors, most of which have an effect on one another. To a great extent,wealth depends upon a country′s natural resources, such as coal, gold, andother minerals, water supply and so on. Some regions of the world are wellsupplied with coal and minerals, and some are not.
Next to natural resources comes the abilityto turn them to use. Some countries are perhaps well off in natural resources,but unable to develop their resources. They suffered for many years from civiland external wars. Peaceful political and stable conditions enable a country todevelop its natural resources effectively, and to produce more wealth thananother country equally well served by nature but less well ordered. Anotherimportant factor is the technical efficiency of a country′s people.Industrialized countries that have trained numerous skilled workers andtechnicians produce wealth more than countries whose workers are largelyunskilled.
A country′s standard of living does notonly depend upon the wealth that is produced and consumed within its ownborders, but also upon what is indirectly produced through international trade.
For instance, Britain′s wealth isfoodstuffs and other agricultural products would be much less if she had todepend only on those grown at home. Trade makes it possible for her surplusmanufacture goods to be traded abroad for the agricultural products. In thisaspect, a country′s wealth is much influenced by its manufacturing capacity,provided that other countries can be found ready to accept its manufactures.
The manufacturing capacity may be a keyfactor to a higher standard of living when one country ______A.has traded her manufacture
B.has established her wealth
C.has been an industrialized one
D.has produced surplus manufactured goods
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This restaurant has become popular for its wide__________of foods that suit alltastes and pockets.A.division
B.area
C.range
D.circle
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Britain once imported chiefly（）and exported mostly（）Amanufactured products/raw materialsBraw materials/manufactured productsCfoods/mineralsDminerals/foods
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Britain once imported chiefly（）and exported mostly（）A、manufactured products/raw materialsB、raw materials/manufactured productsC、foods/mineralsD、minerals/foods
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单选题Which of the following best illustrates a particularistic world view as described in Passage 1, line 6?A
A country that seeks to institute a national welfare system to provide health and education to all its citizensB
A group of nations that tries to stop aggression around the worldC
A nation that seeks to seize territory in a neighboring nation to obtain natural resources it currently lacksD
A state that intends to promote democracy around the world by showing the successes it has achieved through such a governmentE
A dictator who seeks to quell political opposition within his own government
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问答题Passage 3Fermented Foods for Babies Malnutrition during weaning age-when breast milk is being replaced by semi-solid foods-is highly prevalent in children of poor households in many developing countries. While the etiology is complex and multifactorial, the immediate causes are recognized as feeding at less than adequate levels for children’s growth and development, and recurrent infections, including diarrhea, resulting mainly from ingestion of contaminated foods. As a result, many young children, particularly between six months to two years of age, experience weight loss and impaired growth and development. Studies by investigators in various countries have concentrated on traditional food preparation methods and have resulted in offering cheap and practical answers to these problems based on familiar, indigenous and culturally acceptable home processing practices. Two such answers have arisen. Firstly, cereal fermentation is used for reducing the risk of contamination under the existing inappropriate conditions for food preparation and storage in many households. Secondly, a tiny amount of sprouted grains flour is used in preparation of weaning foods as a magic way to lessen the viscosity without decreasing energy density. A method to eliminate pathogenic bacteria and inhibit their growth during storage of weaning preparations can benefit nutrition and health in young children considerably. Use of fermented foods for feeding children of weaning age appears to be an effective solution. Fermented foods have lower levels of diarrhoeal germ contamination, they are suitable for child feeding, and can be safely stored for much longer periods of time than fresh foods. The practice has been a traditional way of food preservation in many parts of the world. The anti-microbial properties of fermented foods and their relative higher safety-documented since the early 1900’s-have been indicated in a number of studies. In Ghana, it is common to ferment maize dough before cooking it as porridge. In Kenya, cereal-based porridge and milk are traditionally fermented. Preserving milk in the form of yoghurt has been known to many households living in hot climates. What are the underlying mechanisms by which fermentation processes help to prevent or reduce contamination? A possible answer suggests that during the fermentation process foods become more acid. This explains why diarrhoea-causing bacteria are not able to grow in fermented foods as rapidly as in unfermented ones. It is also hypothesized that some of the germs present in the foods are killed or inhibited from growing through the action of anti-microbial substances produced during fermentation (Dialogue on Diarrhoea, 1990). The fermented foods can, therefore, be kept for a longer time compared to fresh ones. It has been shown that while contamination levels in cooked unfermented foods increase with storage time, fermented foods remain less contaminated. Whatever the underlying mechanisms, the fact is that the exercise reduces contamination without adding to the household cost both in terms of time and money. Its preparation is easy. The cereal flour is mixed with water to form a dough which is left to be fermented; addition of yeast, or mixing with a small portion of previously fermented dough is sometimes needed. The dough can then be cooked into porridge for feeding to the child. Although beneficial, unfortunately the practice is going out of fashion, partly because of current emphasis on the use of fresh foods, particularly for children. For example, a study on the use of fermented foods for young children in Kenya (Dialogue on Diarrhoea, 1990), demonstrated that while foods are still frequently fermented at home for child feeding, their use is becoming less popular, particularly in urban areas where commercial products are more available. Clearly they now need to be promoted. Complete the summary with the list of words A-N below. Write your answers in boxes 1-7 on your answer sheet. Malnutrition and the resulting impaired growth and development in children of weaning age in developing countries result not only from 1______ but also from infections caused by 2______. Studies have addressed the problem of inadequate intake by using sprouted grains in food preparation. Contamination has been tackled with 3______. Both of these methods are, or were, used traditionally and are practical and inexpensive. Fermented foods have higher 4______ and also have anti-microbial qualities. This means that contamination is decreased and that their 5______ is increased. Fermentation occurs when 6______ is left to stand, occasionally with simple additives. There is, however, a trend away from this 7______ to commercial products.A. porridge H. storage lifeB. malnutrition I. sprouted grainsC. fermentation J. inadequate food intakeD. new technology K. acidityE. contaminated food L. unfermented foodF. diarrhoeal germs M. weaningG. traditional food N. dough
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问答题In this section, there is one passage followed by a summary. Read the passage carefully and complete the summery below by choosing a maximum of three words from the passage to fill in each of the blanks 51-5.Remember to write the answers on the answer sheet. Malnutrition during weaning age—when breast milk is being replaced by semi-solid foods—is highly prevalent in children of poor households in many developing countries. While the etiology is complex and multifactorial, the immediate causes are recognized as feeding at less than adequate levels for child growth and development, and recurrent infections, including diarrhoea, resulting mainly from ingestion of contaminated foods. As a result, many young children, particularly between six months to two years of age, experience weight loss and impaired growth and development. Two such answers have arisen. Firstly, cereal fermentation is used for reducing the risk of contamination under the existing inappropriate conditions for food preparation and storage in many households. Secondly, a tiny amount of sprouted grains flour is used in preparation of weaning foods as a magic way to lessen the viscosity without decreasing energy density. A method to eliminate pathogenic bacteria and inhibit their growth during storage of weaning preparations can benefit nutrition and health in young children considerably. Use of fermented foods for feeding children of weaning age appears to be an effective solution. Fermented foods have lower levels of diarrhoeal germ contamination, they are suitable for child feeding, and can be safely stored for much longer periods of time than fresh foods. The practice has been a traditional way of food preservation in many parts of the world. The antimicrobial properties of fermented foods and their relative higher safety-documented since the early 1900’s—have been indicated in a number of studies. What are the underlying mechanisms by which fermentation processes help to prevent or reduce contamination? A possible answer suggests that during the fermentation process foods become more acid. This explains why diarrhoea-causing bacteria are not able to grow in fermented foods as rapidly as in unfermented ones. It is also hypothesized that some of the germs present in the foods are killed or inhibited from growing through the action of antimicrobial substances produced during fermentation (Dialogue on Diarrhoea, 1990). The fermented foods can, therefore, be kept for a longer time compared to fresh ones. It has been shown that while contamination levels in cooked unfermented foods increase with storage time, fermented foods remain less contaminated. Whatever the underlying mechanisms, the fact is that the exercise reduces contamination without adding to the household cost both in terms of time and money. Its preparation is easy. The cereal flour is mixed with water to form a dough which is left to be fermented; addition of yeast, or mixing with a small portion of previously fermented dough is sometimes needed. The dough can then be cooked into porridge for feeding to the child. Summary: Malnutrition and the resulting impaired growth and development in children of weaning age in developing countries results not only from (1) but also from infections caused by contaminated food. Studies have addressed the problem of inadequate intake by using sprouted grains in food preparation. Contamination has been tackled with (2) Both of these methods are, or were, used traditionally and are practical and inexpensive.Fermented foods have higher (3) , and also have antimicrobial qualities. This means that contamination is decreased and that their (4) is increased. Fermentation occurs when (5) is left to stand, occasionally with simple additives.
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问答题Practice 1 Are organically grown foods the best food choices? The advantages claimed for such foods over conventionally grown and marketed food products are now being debated. Advocates of organic foods—a term whose meaning varies greatly—frequently proclaim that such products are safer and more nutritious than others. The growing interest of consumers in the safety and nutritional quality of the typical North American diet is a welcome development. However, much of this interest has been sparked by sweeping claims that the food supply is unsafe or inadequate in meeting nutritional needs. Although most of these claims are not supported by scientific evidence, the preponderance of written material advancing such claims makes it difficult for the general public to separate fact from fiction. As a result, claims that eating a diet consisting entirely of organically grown foods prevents or cures disease or provides other benefits to health have become widely publicized and form the basis for folklore.
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单选题Presumably, excessive consumption of fried foods has serious consequences as has been proved.A
TheoreticallyB
PracticallyC
IncrediblyD
Probably
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单选题Britain once imported chiefly（）and exported mostly（）A
manufactured products/raw materialsB
raw materials/manufactured productsC
foods/mineralsD
minerals/foods
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单选题Exports are either raw materials or manufactured goods. Raw materials are products of the land， such as cotton， timber or rubber. Some raw materials， such as iron ore， come from mines. These raw materials are often exported by the countries that produce them to other countries where they are made into manufactured goods. Some countries produce food for export， for example， meat， sugar， or cereals such as wheat and maize. These countries are agricultural countries. An agricultural country needs fertile land and a good climate. A cold， dry climate is not suitable for agriculture. A country which produces manufactured goods is known as an industrialized country. An industrialized country cannot always produce enough food for its own needs. In this case， it does not export foodstuffs. Instead it has to import them. It relies on exports of manufactured products and pays for imports with the money it earns from the exported goods. An industrialized country usually has to import foodstuffs because,（）.A
it cannot always produce enough food for its own needsB
it doesn't has fertile land and a good climateC
it relies on exports of manufactured products
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