口译考试备考胜经四:翻译冲刺的四大要领
发布时间:2020-10-24
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一、 语序变化
英语由于介词的作用和语言习惯的不同 , 时间和地点的一般排序是由小到大 , 由具体到不太具体,汉语的语序则相反 , 一般是由大到小 , 由不太具体到比较具体,懂得了这个规律 , 再借助转换句式等翻译手法 , 就可以译出地道的句子 。
1) 英语顺序一般是 “ 动词 + 方式 + 地点 + 时间 ”。
汉语顺序一般是 “ 时间 , 地点 , 方式 + 动词 ”。
He is often seen to read hard in his study
room from morning till night.
经常可以看见他从早到晚在书房苦读 。
2) 形式主语或形式宾语
We regard it our bounden internationalist
duty to safeguard the peace and tranquility of the world
我们认为维护世界和平稳定是我们应尽的国际主义义务 。
语序离不开全句的通盘考虑 . 在兼有心理评价和客观叙述的句子中 , 英语评价在前 , 叙述在后 , 汉语则叙述在前 , 评价在后 . 在叙述部分汉语倾向于按事件发生的自然顺序依次进行 , 英语则把客观顺序置于心理评价的统摄之下或按心理时间重新安排 。
It was a keen disappointment when I had to
give up the plan which I had intended to carry out this year.
我原打算在今年实施这个计划,但是后来却不得有放弃,这使我深感失望。
3) 状语从句的语序
1)A woman infected with HIV may be ostracized
or abandoned by her husband if her conditions is revealed, even when he is the
source of the disease.
即使妇女的 HIV 是被丈夫传染的 , 一旦病情泄露 , 仍会受到他的冷待或抛弃 。
I knew every spot where a murder or robbery
had been committed or a ghost seen.
什么地方发生过盗窃案或者凶杀案 , 什么地方闹过鬼 , 我都知道 。
二、 定语从句的逻辑译法
1. 定语从句
1) 限制性定语从句
把限制性定语从句译成前置的汉语定语结构是常规译法 , 只要从句不是太长就可以这样做 。
China has changed from being a country where
the great majority was illiterate to one where the great majority is literate.
中国已经从一个大多数人是文盲的国家变成了一个大多数人识字的国家 。
若定语从句太长或意思复杂不允许这样安排 , 则可使其后置并通过重复先行词或相应概念 , 使两个句子彼此连接 。
Chemistry deals with changes in matter as a
result of which it is possible to form a new substance.
化学是研究物质变化的 , 这种变化的结果能够形成新的物质 。
2) 非限制性定语从句
非限制性定语从句常常被译成并列分句 , 附于被修饰部分或者整个主句之后 。
This type of meter is called multimeter,
which is used to measure currents, voltages and resistances.
这种仪表叫做万用表 , 用来测量电流 , 电压和电阻 。
有时译为同位语
The minor internal motions of the atmosphere,
which was known as winds, depart only in a small way from the movement of this
envelope as a whole.
大气微小的内部运动 , 即我们所说的风 , 仅与整个大气层的运动稍微不太一一致 。
状语译法 : 时间 , 原因 , 结果 , 转折 , 让步 , 条件 , 目的
A.An organization that has open lines of
communication with valid,honest information going up,down,and through the
organization will be much more effective and a much better place to work than
the organization that attempts to restrict the flow of information or distort
and deceive.(2000,3, 中级口译笔译真题 )
如果一个机构有着公开的交流渠道,内部上下沟通,信息真实可靠,那么和一个企图限制信息交流或进行歪曲和欺骗的机构相比,就将更具有工作效率,也是一个更佳的工作场所。
B.The idea fo a national ID,however,was
knocked out of earlier drafts of legislation by a coalition of civil rights and
ethnic groups,who opposed a requirement that all non-citizens carry identifying
documents.(2002,9, 中级口译笔译真题 )
然而,倡导民权的团体和少数民族团体反对一切非美国公民必须随身拾身份证件的规定,他们结成联盟,推翻了立法的最初几稿中关于实施全国统一身份证的主张。
C.Sounds sweet for Michigan State,but it\'s
not so terrific for federal taxpayers,who will almost certainly wind up
shelling out $23.5 million more each year as a result of the change.(2004,3, 中级口译笔译真题 )
虽然这听起来对于密歇根州来说是件好事,然而对于广大的联邦纳税人来说却不是,因为由于这个改变,几乎可以肯定他们每年会多缴纳多达 2350 万美元的税款。
三、词性转译
英文在行文经常采用词性转译的句式,具体说来就是英文的一句话可以翻出中文两句话,而归根结底,则是因为中英文在行文上的重大差异。中文在表达逻辑关系是,通常是先用采用逻辑状语从句先行,其后跟主句。而英文因为可以用一个具有动作含义意义的抽象名词表达同样的意思,因为使得英文完全可以用一句话表达清楚中文需要用两句话才能浮现出的逻辑关系。这一点对于大多数考生来说是很大的一个障碍。
A.Deflation
could emerge from simultaneous slumps in the world\'s three major
economies.(2003,9, 中级口译笔译真题 )
如果世界上三个主要的经济强国同时出现经济衰退的话,通货紧缩的问题就会随之出现。
B.But
failure to come to terms with them will drive a wedge between all of us and a
prosperous,healthy future for this country.(2004,9, 中级口译笔译真题 )
但是如果不能就这些问题达成一致的话,我们国家就不会拥有一个繁荣,稳定的未来。
C.Our
cruel and unrelenting enemy leaves us only the choice of brave resistance or
the most abject submission.(2000,3, 高级口译笔译真题 )
敌人冷酷无情,我们要么顽强抵抗,要么屈膝投降。
四、单词,句型复杂化
很多同学之所以在翻译大意忠实于原文的基础上得不到高分,是由于用词和用句过于老套刻板,循规蹈矩,不知变通。所以使得翻译出的文章缺乏新意,没有亮点,自然最后的得分也沦为平庸。最明显的是在一些常见的表达方式上,很多同学不能够做到有所变化。如我非常希望
…… ,很多同学不假思索就写出 I hope, 殊不知除此之外,还有很多种其他的表达方式,如 my aspiration is that…, I have been longing
for… 等。据统计数字表明, according to the number 可以改成 as it displayed from the statistics .大幅攀升, increase greatly 可以改成 soar, rocket, surge 等。
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Thank you, sir. Thank you, Mr. President. It is quite an honor to be introduced by your dad. This has got to be a historic moment: father and son, two Presidents, opening up an embassy. I suspect it's the first, although I must confess I haven't done a lot of research into the itinerary of the Adams boys. //
My dad was a fabulous President. And I tell people one reason why was not only did he know what he was doing, he was a fabulous father. Mr. Ambassador, honored guests, Laura and I, and my brother and my sister, are proud to be here with our dad as we open and dedicate this new embassy. No doubt this is an impressive complex. To me it speaks of the importance of our relations with China. It reflects the solid foundation underpinning our relations. It is a commitment to strengthen that foundation for years to come. //
I thank all those who designed and built the embassy, and all those who work here to advance the interests and values of our great nation. Dad and I are honored that Counselor Dai has joined us; and Minister Xie; Ambassador Zhou—who, by the way, opened a new Chinese embassy in Washington, D. C. , designed by I. M. Pei a couple weeks ago. We appreciate our friend Anne Johnson being here, he is the Director of the Art in Embassies Program. Dr. Kissinger, thanks for coming. //
It takes a special band to open the embassy—out of West Texas—Odessa, Texas, for that matter, the Gatlin boys are with us today. I thank the Red Poppies, thank you for your talent. And finally, I want to pay tribute to Sandy Randt, who has done a fabulous job as our Ambassador to China. Sandy, thank you and We're proud to be here with those citizens of ours who work at the embassies, and we say thanks to the Chinese nationals who make our embassy go, as well. //
I'm honored to represent the United States at the Opening Ceremonies of the Olympic Games here in Beijing. And I'm looking forward to cheering our athletes on. Mr. Ambassador, I'm not making any predictions about medal counts, but I can tell you the U.S. athletes are ready to come and compete, in the spirit of friendship. You know, during my last visit here I had the opportunity to break in the mountain biking course. I was so proud of my efforts, I told Laura I was thinking about entering the competition myself. She reminded me they don't give any medals for last place. //
Tonight the Olympic torch will light the home of an ancient civilization with a grand history. Thousands of years ago, the Chinese people developed a common language and unified a great nation. China became the center for art and literature, commerce and philosophy. China advanced the frontiers of knowledge in medicine, astronomy, navigation, engineering, and many other fields. And the Chinese are even said to have invented the parachute—something for which the 41st President is very grateful. //
We share a long history. The first American ship arrived in China just after the year we won our independence. World War Ⅱ, Americans and Chinese fought side by side to liberate this land from Imperial Japan. We all remember very clearly, Dr. K, when President Nixon came to Beijing to begin a new era of dialogue between our nations. You might remember that yourself. //
Today the United States and China have built a strong relationship, rooted in common interests. China has opened its economy and begun to unleash the entrepreneurial spirit of its people. America will continue to support China on the path toward a free economy. We're also cooperating to fight pandemic diseases and respond to natural disasters. And through the Six-Party Talks, we're working together to ensure that the Korean Peninsula is free of nuclear weapons. //
The relationship between our nations is constructive and cooperative and candid. We'll continue to be candid about our mutual global responsibilities. We
谢谢您,先生。谢谢,总统先生。让自己的父亲给自己做介绍是件非常荣幸的事。这一定是个历史性时刻:父亲和儿子,两位总统,为大使馆主持开馆仪式,我想这是头一遭,当然,我得承认我对亚当斯父子的游记没有进行过大量研究。// 我父亲是一位了不起的总统。我对人讲,其中一个原因是他不仅是位好总统,而且还是一位了不起的父亲。大使先生,贵宾们,劳拉和我、我的弟弟和妹妹,都为能够同父亲一道在这里主持这座新使馆启用仪式感到自豪毫无疑问,这座新馆令人赞叹。对我来说,它表明了我们与中国关系的重要性,它反映了我们的关系建立在坚实牢固的基础之上,它是在未来许多年里加强这一基础的承诺。// 我感谢所有参与设计和建造这座使馆的人员以及所有在这里为推进我们伟大祖国的利益和价值观而努力工作的人。父亲和我对戴秉国国务委员、谢部长和周大使的光临感到荣幸。顺便说一句,一个多星期前周大使在华盛顿特区主持了由贝聿铭设计的中国大使馆新馆开馆仪式。感谢我们的朋友、使馆项目艺术部主任安妮?约翰逊出席仪式。感谢基辛格博士,谢谢您光临。// 庆祝大使馆开馆要有一支特殊的乐队才行——来自得克萨斯州西部奥德萨的加特林兄弟今天就在这里。我感谢红罂粟,感谢你们的天才演出。最后,我要向业绩不凡的我国驻中国大使桑迪?雷德致敬。桑迪,谢谢您,还有我们为能与在大使馆工作的我国公民在一起而感到自豪,我们也向使我国使馆能够顺利运转的中国公民表示感谢。// 我很荣幸能有机会代表美国在北京参加奥运会开幕式。我期待着为我们的运动员摇旗助威。大使先生,我不会对奖牌数字作任何预测,但是我可以告诉你们,美国运动员已经作好准备,本着友谊的精神参加竞赛。大家知道,在上次访问中国的时候,我有机会在新建的车道上练习山地自行车。我对自己的努力感到十分自豪,我对劳拉说,我在考虑亲自参加奥运比赛。她提醒我说,他们不会给比赛的最后一名颁发任何奖章。// 今晚,奥林匹克的火炬将点燃这个具有辉煌历史的文明古国。数千年前,中国人民就发明了共同的文字,统一了一个伟大的国家。中国当时成为艺术与文学、商业与哲学的中心。中国推动了医学、天文学、航海学、工程学及许多其他领域的发展。据说中国人还发明了降落伞——这是一项使第41位美国总统十分感激的发明。// 我们共同见证了悠久的历史。就在我们刚赢得独立后的第二年,第一艘美国轮船驶抵中国。第二次世界大战期间,美国人和中国人并肩战斗,把这片土地从日本帝国的统治下解放出来。基辛格博士,尼克松总统当年来到北京开辟两国对话的新纪元,我们对此都记忆犹新。您自己可能也记得这件事吧。// 今天,美国与中国已建立起植根于共同利益的牢固关系。中国已实行经济开放,并开始发挥出中国人民的进取精神。美国将继续支持中国在自由经济的道路上前进。我们还在防治流行性疾病和抗击自然灾害方面进行合作 通过六方会谈,我们共同致力于确保朝鲜半岛无核化。// 我们两国之间的关系是具有建设性、合作而坦诚的。在我们各自承担的全球责任方面,我们将继续坦诚相见我们必须共同努力保护环境并帮助发展中国家的人民;继续坦率地表明我们的信念——既每一个人都应该享有发表言论和宗教信仰的自由。我们深信,允许自由表达思想的社会往往最繁荣也最和平。// 坦率是最有效的,它在建立起尊重与信任关系的国家之间最为有效。我一直努力建立这种尊重与信任。我向努力建立这种尊重与信任的中国领导人表示感谢。我也向今天在场的使馆人员致谢,你们正在做着同样的努力。在这里工作的人为国效力,做出了奉献。为美国效力是一项崇高的工作。我希望你们感到这是一项有所收获的工作。很荣幸与各位相聚。我为有幸主持这座大使馆的新馆开馆仪式而心存感激。我期待着去看奥运比赛。上帝保佑。// (节选自美国前总统在美国驻中国大使馆新馆开馆仪式上的讲话)
他们立刻出动去追击敌人。
They immediately set out in pursuit of the enemy.
没有人可以否认,几百万的私人小企业大大地推动了国家的经济。
No one can deny that millions of small private enterprises have fuelled the nation's economy.
Gypsies are often treated with disapproval, lack of trust, and lack of understanding because their way of life is so different from the way most other British people live.
吉普赛人的生活方式和大部分英国人大不相同,所以人们对吉普赛人的态度总是不以为然,很不信任,而且对他们的生活缺乏了解。
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