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Tourism, Globalization and Sustainable Development Tourism is one of the fastest growing sectors of the global economy and developing countries are attempting to cash in on this expanding industry in an attempt to boost foreign investment and financial reserves. While conceding that the uncontrolled growth of this industry can result in serious environmental and social problems, the United Nations contends that such negative effects can be controlled and reduced. Before getting into the cold facts of global economics, let me begin with another story to warm up. I was perplexed when I recently read in the newspaper that Thailand’s forestry chief had said: “Humans can’t live in the forest because human beings aren’t animals. Unlike us, animals can adapt themselves to the wild or any environment naturally.” This was to legitimatize the government’s plan to remove hundreds of thousands of rural and hill tribe people from protected areas. This man, who is in charge of conserving the forests, is at the same time very strongly pushing to open up the country’s 81 national parks to outside investors and visitors in the name of “eco-tourism”. Can we conclude, then, that the forestry chief considers developers and tourists as animals that know how to adapt to the forest and behave in the wild naturally? While authorities want to stop the access to forest lands and natural resources of village people, another group of people—namely tourism developers and tourists with lots of money to spend—are set to gain access to the area. While authorities believe that local people, who have often lived in the area for generations, are not capable of managing and conserving their land and natural resources—under a community forestry scheme for example—they believe they themselves in cooperation with the tourist industry can properly manage and conserve “nature” under a national eco-tourism plan. Taking the above quote seriously, cynics may be tempted to say there is obviously a gap between “human rights” and “animal rights”. How is this story linked to globalization? First of all, that humans cannot live in the forest is—of course—not a Thai concept. It is a notion of Western conservation ideology—an outcome of the globalization of ideas and perceptions. Likewise, that eco-tourism under a “good management” system is beneficial to local people and nature is also a Western concept that is being globalized. In fact, Thailand’s forestry chief thinks globally and acts locally. A lesson that can be learned from this is that the slogan “Think Globally, Act Locally” that the environmental movements have promoted all the years, has not necessarily served to preserve the environment and safeguard local communities’ rights, but has been co-opted and distorted by official agencies and private industries for profit-making purposes. The tourism industry is demonstrating this all too well Many developing countries, facing debt burdens and worsening trade terms, have turned to tourism promotion in the hope that it brings foreign exchange and investment. Simultaneously, leading international agencies such as the World Bank, United Nations agencies and business organizations like the Word Travel & Tourism Council (WTTC) have been substantially involved to make tourism a truly global industry. However, tourism in developing countries is often viewed by critics as an extension of former colonial conditions because from the very beginning, it has benefited from international economic relationships that structurally favor the advanced capitalist countries in the North. Unequal trading relationships, dependence on foreign interests, and the division of labor have relegated poor countries in the South to becoming tourism recipients and affluent countries in the North to the position of tourism generators, with the latter enjoying the freedom from having to pay the price for the meanwhile well-known negative impacts in destinations.
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更多 “问答题Tourism, Globalization and Sustainable Development Tourism is one of the fastest growing sectors of the global economy and developing countries are attempting to cash in on this expanding industry in an attempt to boost foreign investment and financial reserves. While conceding that the uncontrolled growth of this industry can result in serious environmental and social problems, the United Nations contends that such negative effects can be controlled and reduced. Before getting into the cold facts of global economics, let me begin with another story to warm up. I was perplexed when I recently read in the newspaper that Thailand’s forestry chief had said: “Humans can’t live in the forest because human beings aren’t animals. Unlike us, animals can adapt themselves to the wild or any environment naturally.” This was to legitimatize the government’s plan to remove hundreds of thousands of rural and hill tribe people from protected areas. This man, who is in charge of conserving the forests, is at the same time very strongly pushing to open up the country’s 81 national parks to outside investors and visitors in the name of “eco-tourism”. Can we conclude, then, that the forestry chief considers developers and tourists as animals that know how to adapt to the forest and behave in the wild naturally? While authorities want to stop the access to forest lands and natural resources of village people, another group of people—namely tourism developers and tourists with lots of money to spend—are set to gain access to the area. While authorities believe that local people, who have often lived in the area for generations, are not capable of managing and conserving their land and natural resources—under a community forestry scheme for example—they believe they themselves in cooperation with the tourist industry can properly manage and conserve “nature” under a national eco-tourism plan. Taking the above quote seriously, cynics may be tempted to say there is obviously a gap between “human rights” and “animal rights”. How is this story linked to globalization? First of all, that humans cannot live in the forest is—of course—not a Thai concept. It is a notion of Western conservation ideology—an outcome of the globalization of ideas and perceptions. Likewise, that eco-tourism under a “good management” system is beneficial to local people and nature is also a Western concept that is being globalized. In fact, Thailand’s forestry chief thinks globally and acts locally. A lesson that can be learned from this is that the slogan “Think Globally, Act Locally” that the environmental movements have promoted all the years, has not necessarily served to preserve the environment and safeguard local communities’ rights, but has been co-opted and distorted by official agencies and private industries for profit-making purposes. The tourism industry is demonstrating this all too well Many developing countries, facing debt burdens and worsening trade terms, have turned to tourism promotion in the hope that it brings foreign exchange and investment. Simultaneously, leading international agencies such as the World Bank, United Nations agencies and business organizations like the Word Travel Tourism Council (WTTC) have been substantially involved to make tourism a truly global industry. However, tourism in developing countries is often viewed by critics as an extension of former colonial conditions because from the very beginning, it has benefited from international economic relationships that structurally favor the advanced capitalist countries in the North. Unequal trading relationships, dependence on foreign interests, and the division of labor have relegated poor countries in the South to becoming tourism recipients and affluent countries in the North to the position of tourism generators, with the latter enjoying the freedom from having to pay the price for the meanwhile well-known negative impacts in destinations.” 相关考题
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资料：You can not go forward by going backward. Take the current debate about trade and globalization, for instance, while the impulse to erect trade barriers is understandable given the pain experienced in recent years, it is not the way to create lasting growth and shared prosperity.
Over the past three decades, global flows of trade and investment have accelerated dramatically, creating enormous economic value. However, trade and globalization have also brought wrenching job losses. The financial crisis and weak recovery have made matters worse, intensifying the backlash against trade and globalization.
Part of the problem is that the benefits of trade and investment go largely unrecognized, while the job losses are often overstated. Another significant problem is that participation in trade and investment is limited to a relatively small set of firms. In the U.S., large firms account for three-quarters of total exports, and the vast majority of small and medium-size businesses do not export. This means firms have a great opportunity to boost growth and productivity through wider participation in trade.
That leaves the question of how to help those hurt by trade and globalization. Too often we talk about re-training as a panacea（万能药）.And yes, it helps. But it needs to take into account the different requirements of each workforce and needs to be part of a wider set of support for affected workers and communities.
Above all, it is important to recognize that our economic transition to a global and digital economy is an irreversible trend. Only by broadening participation in the global economy, rather than by trying to turn back the clock, will we discover answers to today’s most vexing economic problems.
What of the following is the best description of the author’s attitude toward trade and globalization?A.Critical
B.Doubtful
C.Indifferent
D.Approving
考题
Recent decades have witnessed increased globalization of the world economy associated with economic and financial______among countries。
A.integration
B.corporation
C.harmony
D.conflict
考题
资料：You can not go forward by going backward. Take the current debate about trade and globalization, for instance, while the impulse to erect trade barriers is understandable given the pain experienced in recent years, it is not the way to create lasting growth and shared prosperity.
Over the past three decades, global flows of trade and investment have accelerated dramatically, creating enormous economic value. However, trade and globalization have also brought wrenching job losses. The financial crisis and weak recovery have made matters worse, intensifying the backlash against trade and globalization.
Part of the problem is that the benefits of trade and investment go largely unrecognized, while the job losses are often overstated. Another significant problem is that participation in trade and investment is limited to a relatively small set of firms. In the U.S., large firms account for three-quarters of total exports, and the vast majority of small and medium-size businesses do not export. This means firms have a great opportunity to boost growth and productivity through wider participation in trade.
That leaves the question of how to help those hurt by trade and globalization. Too often we talk about re-training as a panacea（万能药）.And yes, it helps. But it needs to take into account the different requirements of each workforce and needs to be part of a wider set of support for affected workers and communities.
Above all, it is important to recognize that our economic transition to a global and digital economy is an irreversible trend. Only by broadening participation in the global economy, rather than by trying to turn back the clock, will we discover answers to today’s most vexing economic problems.
What does the author think of re-training as a solution?A.It is a one-size-fit-all solution.
B.It is not helpful to those hurt by trade and globalization.
C.It should meet the different needs of affected workforce.
D.It should not be talked about so often.
考题
资料：You can not go forward by going backward. Take the current debate about trade and globalization, for instance, while the impulse to erect trade barriers is understandable given the pain experienced in recent years, it is not the way to create lasting growth and shared prosperity.
Over the past three decades, global flows of trade and investment have accelerated dramatically, creating enormous economic value. However, trade and globalization have also brought wrenching job losses. The financial crisis and weak recovery have made matters worse, intensifying the backlash against trade and globalization.
Part of the problem is that the benefits of trade and investment go largely unrecognized, while the job losses are often overstated. Another significant problem is that participation in trade and investment is limited to a relatively small set of firms. In the U.S., large firms account for three-quarters of total exports, and the vast majority of small and medium-size businesses do not export. This means firms have a great opportunity to boost growth and productivity through wider participation in trade.
That leaves the question of how to help those hurt by trade and globalization. Too often we talk about re-training as a panacea（万能药）.And yes, it helps. But it needs to take into account the different requirements of each workforce and needs to be part of a wider set of support for affected workers and communities.
Above all, it is important to recognize that our economic transition to a global and digital economy is an irreversible trend. Only by broadening participation in the global economy, rather than by trying to turn back the clock, will we discover answers to today’s most vexing economic problems.
Which of the following is true of the third paragraph?
A.The participation in the trade globalization is not broad enough.
B.Job losses are often under-estimated.
C.Domestic firms are problematic with productivity.
D.Globalization hinders growth of small and medium-size firms.
考题
资料：You can not go forward by going backward. Take the current debate about trade and globalization, for instance, while the impulse to erect trade barriers is understandable given the pain experienced in recent years, it is not the way to create lasting growth and shared prosperity.
Over the past three decades, global flows of trade and investment have accelerated dramatically, creating enormous economic value. However, trade and globalization have also brought wrenching job losses. The financial crisis and weak recovery have made matters worse, intensifying the backlash against trade and globalization.
Part of the problem is that the benefits of trade and investment go largely unrecognized, while the job losses are often overstated. Another significant problem is that participation in trade and investment is limited to a relatively small set of firms. In the U.S., large firms account for three-quarters of total exports, and the vast majority of small and medium-size businesses do not export. This means firms have a great opportunity to boost growth and productivity through wider participation in trade.
That leaves the question of how to help those hurt by trade and globalization. Too often we talk about re-training as a panacea（万能药）.And yes, it helps. But it needs to take into account the different requirements of each workforce and needs to be part of a wider set of support for affected workers and communities.
Above all, it is important to recognize that our economic transition to a global and digital economy is an irreversible trend. Only by broadening participation in the global economy, rather than by trying to turn back the clock, will we discover answers to today’s most vexing economic problems.
What is the MAIN opinion expressed in the opening paragraph?A.Trade and globalization are debatable.
B.Erecting trade barriers can not bring growth and prosperity.
C.Trade and globalization have caused severe pain in recent years.
D.Opposing trade and globalization is understandable and reasonable.
考题
资料：You can not go forward by going backward. Take the current debate about trade and globalization, for instance, while the impulse to erect trade barriers is understandable given the pain experienced in recent years, it is not the way to create lasting growth and shared prosperity.
Over the past three decades, global flows of trade and investment have accelerated dramatically, creating enormous economic value. However, trade and globalization have also brought wrenching job losses. The financial crisis and weak recovery have made matters worse, intensifying the backlash against trade and globalization.
Part of the problem is that the benefits of trade and investment go largely unrecognized, while the job losses are often overstated. Another significant problem is that participation in trade and investment is limited to a relatively small set of firms. In the U.S., large firms account for three-quarters of total exports, and the vast majority of small and medium-size businesses do not export. This means firms have a great opportunity to boost growth and productivity through wider participation in trade.
That leaves the question of how to help those hurt by trade and globalization. Too often we talk about re-training as a panacea（万能药）.And yes, it helps. But it needs to take into account the different requirements of each workforce and needs to be part of a wider set of support for affected workers and communities.
Above all, it is important to recognize that our economic transition to a global and digital economy is an irreversible trend. Only by broadening participation in the global economy, rather than by trying to turn back the clock, will we discover answers to today’s most vexing economic problems.
According to the second paragraph, where dose the backlash against globalization mainly stem from?A.Blocked flow of trade and investment.
B.Loss of economic value.
C.Declining worker mobility.
D.Distressing job losses.
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第二篇Communications RevolutionCyberspace,data superhighway,multi-media一for those who have seen the future,the linking of computers television and telephones will change our lives forever. Yet for all the talk of a forthcoming technological utopia little attention has been given to the implications of these developments for the poor. As with all new high technology,while the West concerns itself with the"how",the question of"for whom"is put aside once again.Economists are only now realizing the full extent to which the communications revolution has affected the world economy.Information technology allows the extension of trade across geographical and industrial boundaries,and transnational corporations take full advantage of it.Terms of trade,exchange and interest rates and money movements are more important than the production of goods.The electronic economy made possible by information technology allows the haves to increase their control on global markets一with destruc-tive impact on the have-nots.For them the result is instahiTity.Dcveioping countries which rely on the production of a small range of goods for export are made to feel like small parts in the international economic machine.As"futures"are traded on computer screens,developing countries simply have less and less control of their destinies.So what are the options for regaining control?One alternative is for developing countries to buy in the latest comnputers arid telecommunications themselves一so-called"development communications"moderniza- tiori. Yet this leads to long-term dependency and perhaps permanent constraints on developing countries' economies.Communications technology is generally exported from the U.S.,Europe or Japan;the patents,skills and ability to manufacture remain in the hands of a few industrialized countries.It is also expensive,and im- ported products and servoces must therefore be bought on credit一credit usually provided by the very coun- tries vhose companies stand to gain.Furthermore,when new technology is introduced there is often too low a level of expertise to exploit it for native development.This means that while local elites,foreign communities and subsidiaries of transna- tional corporations may benefit,those whose lives depend on access to the information are denied by it. Why does the author say that the electronic economy may have a destructive impact on developing countries?A:Because it destroys the economic balance of the poor countries.B:Because it inhibits the industrial growth of developing countries.C:Because it enables the developed countries to control the international market.D:Because it violates the national boundaries of the poor countries.
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Communications Revolution Cyberspace,data superhighway,multi-media-for those who have seen the future,the linking of computers, television and telephones will change our lives forever.Yet for all the talk of a forthcoming technological utopia little attention has been given to the implications of these developments for the poor.As with all new high technology,while the West concerns itself.with the"how",the question of"for whom"is put aside once again. Economists are only now realizing the full extent to which the communications revolution has affected the world economy.Information technology allows the extension of trade across geographical and industrial boundaries,and transnational corporations take full advantage of it.Terms of trade,exchange and interest rates and money movements are more important than the production of goods.The electronic economy made possible by information technology allows the haves to increase their control on global markets-with destructive impact on the have-nots. For them the result is instability.Developing countries which rely on the production of a small range of goods for export are made to feel like small parts in the international economic machine.As"futures"are traded on computer screens,developing countries simply have less and less control of their destinies. So what are the options for regaining control?One alternative is for developing countries to buy in the latest computers and telecommunications themselves-so-called"development communications"modernization.Yet this leads to long-term dependency and perhaps permanent constraints on developing countries'economies. Communications technology is generally exported from the U.S.,Europe or Japan;the patents,skills and ability to manufacture remain in the hands of a few industrialized countries.It is also expensive,and imported products and services must therefore be bought on credit-credit usually provided by the very countries whose companies stand to gain. Furthermore,when new technology is introduced there is often too low a level of expertise to exploit it for native development.This means that while local elites,foreign communities and subsidiaries of transnational corporations may benefit,those whose lives depend on access to the information are denied by it.It can be inferred from the passage that______.A:the ihterests of the poor countries have not been given enough considerationB:the export of the poor countries should be increasedC:communications technology in the developing countries should be modernizedD:international trade should be expanded
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Communications Revolution Cyberspace,data superhighway,multi-media-for those who have seen the future,the linking of computers, television and telephones will change our lives forever.Yet for all the talk of a forthcoming technological utopia little attention has been given to the implications of these developments for the poor.As with all new high technology,while the West concerns itself.with the"how",the question of"for whom"is put aside once again. Economists are only now realizing the full extent to which the communications revolution has affected the world economy.Information technology allows the extension of trade across geographical and industrial boundaries,and transnational corporations take full advantage of it.Terms of trade,exchange and interest rates and money movements are more important than the production of goods.The electronic economy made possible by information technology allows the haves to increase their control on global markets-with destructive impact on the have-nots. For them the result is instability.Developing countries which rely on the production of a small range of goods for export are made to feel like small parts in the international economic machine.As"futures"are traded on computer screens,developing countries simply have less and less control of their destinies. So what are the options for regaining control?One alternative is for developing countries to buy in the latest computers and telecommunications themselves-so-called"development communications"modernization.Yet this leads to long-term dependency and perhaps permanent constraints on developing countries'economies. Communications technology is generally exported from the U.S.,Europe or Japan;the patents,skills and ability to manufacture remain in the hands of a few industrialized countries.It is also expensive,and imported products and services must therefore be bought on credit-credit usually provided by the very countries whose companies stand to gain. Furthermore,when new technology is introduced there is often too low a level of expertise to exploit it for native development.This means that while local elites,foreign communities and subsidiaries of transnational corporations may benefit,those whose lives depend on access to the information are denied by it.From the passage we know that the development of high technology is in the interests of______.A:the world economy B:the rich countriesC:the scientific development D:the elite
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Communications Revolution Cyberspace,data superhighway,multi-media-for those who have seen the future,the linking of computers, television and telephones will change our lives forever.Yet for all the talk of a forthcoming technological utopia little attention has been given to the implications of these developments for the poor.As with all new high technology,while the West concerns itself.with the"how",the question of"for whom"is put aside once again. Economists are only now realizing the full extent to which the communications revolution has affected the world economy.Information technology allows the extension of trade across geographical and industrial boundaries,and transnational corporations take full advantage of it.Terms of trade,exchange and interest rates and money movements are more important than the production of goods.The electronic economy made possible by information technology allows the haves to increase their control on global markets-with destructive impact on the have-nots. For them the result is instability.Developing countries which rely on the production of a small range of goods for export are made to feel like small parts in the international economic machine.As"futures"are traded on computer screens,developing countries simply have less and less control of their destinies. So what are the options for regaining control?One alternative is for developing countries to buy in the latest computers and telecommunications themselves-so-called"development communications"modernization.Yet this leads to long-term dependency and perhaps permanent constraints on developing countries'economies. Communications technology is generally exported from the U.S.,Europe or Japan;the patents,skills and ability to manufacture remain in the hands of a few industrialized countries.It is also expensive,and imported products and services must therefore be bought on credit-credit usually provided by the very countries whose companies stand to gain. Furthermore,when new technology is introduced there is often too low a level of expertise to exploit it for native development.This means that while local elites,foreign communities and subsidiaries of transnational corporations may benefit,those whose lives depend on access to the information are denied by it.The development of modern communications technology in developing countries may______.A:force them to reduce their share of exports B:cost them their economic independenceC:hinder their industrial production D:cause them to lose control of their trade
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Communications Revolution Cyberspace,data superhighway,multi-media-for those who have seen the future,the linking of computers, television and telephones will change our lives forever.Yet for all the talk of a forthcoming technological utopia little attention has been given to the implications of these developments for the poor.As with all new high technology,while the West concerns itself.with the"how",the question of"for whom"is put aside once again. Economists are only now realizing the full extent to which the communications revolution has affected the world economy.Information technology allows the extension of trade across geographical and industrial boundaries,and transnational corporations take full advantage of it.Terms of trade,exchange and interest rates and money movements are more important than the production of goods.The electronic economy made possible by information technology allows the haves to increase their control on global markets-with destructive impact on the have-nots. For them the result is instability.Developing countries which rely on the production of a small range of goods for export are made to feel like small parts in the international economic machine.As"futures"are traded on computer screens,developing countries simply have less and less control of their destinies. So what are the options for regaining control?One alternative is for developing countries to buy in the latest computers and telecommunications themselves-so-called"development communications"modernization.Yet this leads to long-term dependency and perhaps permanent constraints on developing countries'economies. Communications technology is generally exported from the U.S.,Europe or Japan;the patents,skills and ability to manufacture remain in the hands of a few industrialized countries.It is also expensive,and imported products and services must therefore be bought on credit-credit usually provided by the very countries whose companies stand to gain. Furthermore,when new technology is introduced there is often too low a level of expertise to exploit it for native development.This means that while local elites,foreign communities and subsidiaries of transnational corporations may benefit,those whose lives depend on access to the information are denied by it.Why does the author say that the electronic economy may have a destructive impact on developing countries?A:Because it destroys the economic balance of the poor countries.B:Because it inhibits the industrial growth of developing countries.C:Because it enables the developed countries to control the international market.D:Because it violates the national boundaries of the poor countries.
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第二篇Communications RevolutionCyberspace,data superhighway,multi-media一for those who have seen the future,the linking of computers television and telephones will change our lives forever. Yet for all the talk of a forthcoming technological utopia little attention has been given to the implications of these developments for the poor. As with all new high technology,while the West concerns itself with the"how",the question of"for whom"is put aside once again.Economists are only now realizing the full extent to which the communications revolution has affected the world economy.Information technology allows the extension of trade across geographical and industrial boundaries,and transnational corporations take full advantage of it.Terms of trade,exchange and interest rates and money movements are more important than the production of goods.The electronic economy made possible by information technology allows the haves to increase their control on global markets一with destruc-tive impact on the have-nots.For them the result is instahiTity.Dcveioping countries which rely on the production of a small range of goods for export are made to feel like small parts in the international economic machine.As"futures"are traded on computer screens,developing countries simply have less and less control of their destinies.So what are the options for regaining control?One alternative is for developing countries to buy in the latest comnputers arid telecommunications themselves一so-called"development communications"moderniza- tiori. Yet this leads to long-term dependency and perhaps permanent constraints on developing countries' economies.Communications technology is generally exported from the U.S.,Europe or Japan;the patents,skills and ability to manufacture remain in the hands of a few industrialized countries.It is also expensive,and im- ported products and servoces must therefore be bought on credit一credit usually provided by the very coun- tries vhose companies stand to gain.Furthermore,when new technology is introduced there is often too low a level of expertise to exploit it for native development.This means that while local elites,foreign communities and subsidiaries of transna- tional corporations may benefit,those whose lives depend on access to the information are denied by it. The development of modern communications technology in developing countries may________.A:force them to reduce their share of exports B:cost them their economic independenceC:hinder their industrial production D:cause them to lose control of their trade
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第二篇Technological Utopia for Developing CountriesCyberspace（网络空间）,data superhighways, multi-media, the linking of computers, television and telephones will change our lives forever. Yet for all the talk of a forthcoming technological utopia（乌托邦）,little attention has been given to the implications of these developments for the poor. As with all new high technology,the West concerns itself with the"how to benefit".The question of"for whom"is put aside once again.Economists are only now realizing the full extent to which the communications revolution has affected the world economy.Information technology allows the extension of trade across geographical and industrial boundaries,and transnational corporations take full advantage of it. Terms of trade ex-change,interest rates and money movements are more important than the production of goods.The electronic economy made possible by information revolution.Technology allows the haves to increase their control on global markets and with destructive impact on the have-nots.For them the result is instability. Developing countries which rely on the production of a small range of goods for export are made to feel like small parts in the international economic machine.As "futures"（期货）are traded on computer screens, developing countries simply have less and less control of their destinies.So what are the options for regaining control?One alternative is for developing countries to buy in the latest computers and telecommunications themselves一so-called"development communications"modernization.Yet this leads to long-term dependency and perhaps permanent constraints on developing countries' economies.Communications technology is generally exported from the U.S.,Europe or Japan.The patents, skills and ability to manufacture remain in the hands of a few industrialized countries.Furthermore,when new technology is introduced,there is often too low a level of expertise to exploit native development.This means that while local elites,foreign communities and subsidiaries of transitional corporations may benefit,but not developing countries.It can be inferred from the passage that______.A:international trade should be expandedB:the interests of the poor countries have not been given enough considerationC:the exports of the poor countries should be increasedD:communications technology in the developing countries should be modernized
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第二篇Technological Utopia for Developing CountriesCyberspace（网络空间）,data superhighways, multi-media, the linking of computers, television and telephones will change our lives forever. Yet for all the talk of a forthcoming technological utopia（乌托邦）,little attention has been given to the implications of these developments for the poor. As with all new high technology,the West concerns itself with the"how to benefit".The question of"for whom"is put aside once again.Economists are only now realizing the full extent to which the communications revolution has affected the world economy.Information technology allows the extension of trade across geographical and industrial boundaries,and transnational corporations take full advantage of it. Terms of trade ex-change,interest rates and money movements are more important than the production of goods.The electronic economy made possible by information revolution.Technology allows the haves to increase their control on global markets and with destructive impact on the have-nots.For them the result is instability. Developing countries which rely on the production of a small range of goods for export are made to feel like small parts in the international economic machine.As "futures"（期货）are traded on computer screens, developing countries simply have less and less control of their destinies.So what are the options for regaining control?One alternative is for developing countries to buy in the latest computers and telecommunications themselves一so-called"development communications"modernization.Yet this leads to long-term dependency and perhaps permanent constraints on developing countries' economies.Communications technology is generally exported from the U.S.,Europe or Japan.The patents, skills and ability to manufacture remain in the hands of a few industrialized countries.Furthermore,when new technology is introduced,there is often too low a level of expertise to exploit native development.This means that while local elites,foreign communities and subsidiaries of transitional corporations may benefit,but not developing countries.Why does the author say that the electronic economy may have a destructive impact on developing countries?A:Because it enables the developed countries to control the international market.B:Because it destroys the economic balance of the poor countries.C:Because it violates the national boundaries of the poor countries.D:Because it inhibits the industrial growth of developing countries.
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第二篇Technological Utopia for Developing CountriesCyberspace（网络空间）,data superhighways, multi-media, the linking of computers, television and telephones will change our lives forever. Yet for all the talk of a forthcoming technological utopia（乌托邦）,little attention has been given to the implications of these developments for the poor. As with all new high technology,the West concerns itself with the"how to benefit".The question of"for whom"is put aside once again.Economists are only now realizing the full extent to which the communications revolution has affected the world economy.Information technology allows the extension of trade across geographical and industrial boundaries,and transnational corporations take full advantage of it. Terms of trade ex-change,interest rates and money movements are more important than the production of goods.The electronic economy made possible by information revolution.Technology allows the haves to increase their control on global markets and with destructive impact on the have-nots.For them the result is instability. Developing countries which rely on the production of a small range of goods for export are made to feel like small parts in the international economic machine.As "futures"（期货）are traded on computer screens, developing countries simply have less and less control of their destinies.So what are the options for regaining control?One alternative is for developing countries to buy in the latest computers and telecommunications themselves一so-called"development communications"modernization.Yet this leads to long-term dependency and perhaps permanent constraints on developing countries' economies.Communications technology is generally exported from the U.S.,Europe or Japan.The patents, skills and ability to manufacture remain in the hands of a few industrialized countries.Furthermore,when new technology is introduced,there is often too low a level of expertise to exploit native development.This means that while local elites,foreign communities and subsidiaries of transitional corporations may benefit,but not developing countries.The development of modern communications technology in developing countries may______.A:hinder their industrial productionB:cause them to lose control of their tradeC:force them to reduce their share of exportsD:cost them their economic independence
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第二篇Technological Utopia for Developing CountriesCyberspace（网络空间）,data superhighways, multi-media, the linking of computers, television and telephones will change our lives forever. Yet for all the talk of a forthcoming technological utopia（乌托邦）,little attention has been given to the implications of these developments for the poor. As with all new high technology,the West concerns itself with the"how to benefit".The question of"for whom"is put aside once again.Economists are only now realizing the full extent to which the communications revolution has affected the world economy.Information technology allows the extension of trade across geographical and industrial boundaries,and transnational corporations take full advantage of it. Terms of trade ex-change,interest rates and money movements are more important than the production of goods.The electronic economy made possible by information revolution.Technology allows the haves to increase their control on global markets and with destructive impact on the have-nots.For them the result is instability. Developing countries which rely on the production of a small range of goods for export are made to feel like small parts in the international economic machine.As "futures"（期货）are traded on computer screens, developing countries simply have less and less control of their destinies.So what are the options for regaining control?One alternative is for developing countries to buy in the latest computers and telecommunications themselves一so-called"development communications"modernization.Yet this leads to long-term dependency and perhaps permanent constraints on developing countries' economies.Communications technology is generally exported from the U.S.,Europe or Japan.The patents, skills and ability to manufacture remain in the hands of a few industrialized countries.Furthermore,when new technology is introduced,there is often too low a level of expertise to exploit native development.This means that while local elites,foreign communities and subsidiaries of transitional corporations may benefit,but not developing countries.The author's attitude toward the communications revolution is______.A: positiveB: critical（批评的）C: indifferent（中立的）D: tolerant
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第二篇Technological Utopia for Developing CountriesCyberspace（网络空间）,data superhighways, multi-media, the linking of computers, television and telephones will change our lives forever. Yet for all the talk of a forthcoming technological utopia（乌托邦）,little attention has been given to the implications of these developments for the poor. As with all new high technology,the West concerns itself with the"how to benefit".The question of"for whom"is put aside once again.Economists are only now realizing the full extent to which the communications revolution has affected the world economy.Information technology allows the extension of trade across geographical and industrial boundaries,and transnational corporations take full advantage of it. Terms of trade ex-change,interest rates and money movements are more important than the production of goods.The electronic economy made possible by information revolution.Technology allows the haves to increase their control on global markets and with destructive impact on the have-nots.For them the result is instability. Developing countries which rely on the production of a small range of goods for export are made to feel like small parts in the international economic machine.As "futures"（期货）are traded on computer screens, developing countries simply have less and less control of their destinies.So what are the options for regaining control?One alternative is for developing countries to buy in the latest computers and telecommunications themselves一so-called"development communications"modernization.Yet this leads to long-term dependency and perhaps permanent constraints on developing countries' economies.Communications technology is generally exported from the U.S.,Europe or Japan.The patents, skills and ability to manufacture remain in the hands of a few industrialized countries.Furthermore,when new technology is introduced,there is often too low a level of expertise to exploit native development.This means that while local elites,foreign communities and subsidiaries of transitional corporations may benefit,but not developing countries.From the passage we know that the development of high technology is in the interests of______.A:the rich countries B:scientific developmentC:the elite D:the world economy
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问答题◆Topic 6: Is International Tourism an Effective Bridge of Different Nations? Questions for Reference: 1. Why do you think people like to take an international tourism? 2. What kind of situation are the travelers most likely to be faced with when they get on an international tourism? 3. The international tourism does not promote understanding between people from different cultures. Do you agree?
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问答题Practice 2EcotourismThinking about going off the beaten path for your next vacation? If so, you might be one of the many people—who are enjoying a relatively new mode of travel known as ecotourism. As the name implies, ecotourism focuses on conserving the ecology and natural heritage of tourist destinations. In addition, ecotourism features indigenous cultures and promotes ways for local communities to control and maintain their resources. In the past, vacationers usually spent their time staying at luxury hotels and visiting famous landmarks and museums in cities such as New York, Paris and Tokyo. Others preferred to relax on the beautiful beaches of Hawaii or the deck of a cruise ship in the sunny Caribbean. There was little interaction with the local people and overcrowding often spoiled the natural beauty of popular vacation spots. In addition, excessive commercialization turned many places into tourist traps. Since the early 1980s, however, adventure-oriented and nature-based vacation activities have become increasingly popular. Developing alongside a global rise in environmental consciousness and respect for cultural diversity, ecotourism is the one of the fastest growing sectors of the travel and tourism industry. Mountain climbing in the Himalayas, roughing it on a wilderness expedition, trekking in the Amazon rainforest and whale watching on the high seas are attractive alternatives to the urban comforts of five-star hotels and classy restaurants. But ecotourism means more than just traveling to remote destinations. The concept also emphasizes educating visitors about local people, customs and cultural heritage. Perhaps most importantly, it involves a methodical approach to tourism that minimizes the negative impact on natural habitats and gives host communities a leading role in decision-making processes, along with the lion’s share of economic benefits. As tourism might be the largest industry in the world, sustainable growth strategies should be adopted to ensure that our natural and cultural heritage is preserved for the enjoyment and benefit of future generations.
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问答题Directions: Tourism is a multibillion dollars industry that supports economic development. But people hold different views about it. Write a composition about 160 words entitled Tourism—a Blessing or a Misfortune?based on the following points: different interpretations about tourism, and your opinion. Now write the composition on the AnswerSheet.
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问答题Globalization What exactly does globalization mean? Concepts related to globalization include “internationalization”, “multidomestic marketing”, and “multinational or transnational marketing”, suggesting that the basic criterion is transactions across national boundaries. In the marketing and strategic management literature, globalization is conceptualized as a means to gain competitive advantage by locating different stages of production in different geographic regions according to the particular region’s comparative advantage. This conceptualization focuses only on the economic aspects of globalization; social, cultural and political factors are only considered in the context of achieving economic advantage. Thus, being “culturally sensitive” in global markets is being able to sell one’s product with enough ingenuity to avoid possible pitfalls arising from the seller’s ignorance of local customs. International marketing textbooks discuss such cultural pitfalls in great detail; however, the cultural contest of globalization is always framed by the economy. Broader conceptualization of globalization can be found in other disciplines such as sociology and anthropology. Waters defined globalization as “a social process in which the constraints of geography on social and cultural arrangements recede and in which people become increasingly aware that they are receding.” This conceptualization with its much broader scope, allows for the examination of a number of consequences of globalization, not jut economic but social, cultural and political ones. While there are a few different conceptualizations of globalization, researchers seem to be in agreement that there are at least three dimensions of globalization: economic, political and cultural. The economic aspects of globalization stem from the spread of the capitalist world economy and the resulting expansion of goods and services. The need for cheap raw materials, cheap labor and new markets saw the expansion of the capitalist world economy from one that was primarily Eurocentric to one that encompassed the entire world. This process was achieved by various means and often involved overcoming political resistances in the new markets. The political aspects of globalization involved establishing control over markets and raw materials through either the use of direct military power or the establishment of international institutions that control such markets. The rise of the nation-state is an example of the political aspect of globalization, although it is argued that advances in telecommunications and information systems and the resulting constructions of institutions that transience territorial boundaries are making the nation-state obsolete. If the economic and political aspects of globalization involve material and power exchanges, the cultural of globalization involves the expression of symbols that represents facts, meanings, beliefs, preferences, tastes and values. In fact, these symbolic exchanges are increasingly displacing economic and political exchanges in the spread of global mass culture. Traditional barriers of language pose no problems to modem means of cultural production such as satellite television and film. However, the new “global culture”, despite its manifestations through consumption of global products and symbols in different part of the globe, is essentially the culture of dominant groups centered in the West.
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单选题Tourism has（）agriculture as the nation's main industry.A
replacedB
redirectedC
reckonedD
recalled
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单选题Which of the following statements is true of the tobacco industry?A
Tobacco is bad for people’s health but good for the national economy.B
Tobacco has had a favourable economic impact in many countries in recent years.C
Developed countries such as UK and the U.S. should transfer their technology in the tobacco industry to the developing countries.D
Tobacco industry is bad for the economy for rich and poor countries alike.
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单选题The nation’s fledgling economy struggled because the investment from other countries into its major industries was lacking from most of them.A
because the investment from other countries into its major industries was lacking from most of themB
because few other countries were willing to invest in its major industriesC
due to the fact that few other countries would have invested in its major industriesD
because of the lack of investment from few other countries in its major industriesE
for the lack of investment in its major industries from other countries
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