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“Mainstreaming and Resonance”
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患者颈部CT显示咽旁间隙内边界清、有包膜的实质性肿块，瘤体密度较均匀，有时有高密度斑点状钙化影散在。还有必要进一步进行的检查是A、咽部指诊B、MRA(magnetic resonance angiography)或颈部血管造影C、诊断性局部穿刺D、茎突X线摄片E、B超对该病例采用治疗较为合适的是A、抗生素或激素B、注射硬化剂C、局部放疗D、局部活检E、手术切除如进行手术切除，除外的手术径路是A、口咽径路B、颈侧径路或腮腺径路C、面正中揭翻径路D、下颌骨径路E、颞下窝径路关于此种疾病的相关描述，错误的是A、咽旁间隙被茎突分为茎突前与后间隙，咽旁间隙上至颅底下至舌骨，形似一倒置锥体B、神经鞘膜瘤可来自于迷走神经、舌下神经或颈交感神经丛等C、咽旁间隙肿瘤约80％为良性，20%为恶性D、最常见的良性肿瘤为神经鞘膜瘤E、唾液腺来源肿瘤多位于茎突前间隙，来源于小唾液腺组织或腮腺深叶组织
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Text 2In Don Juan Lord Byron wrote, "Sweet is revenge—especially to women." But a study released on Wednesday, supported by magnetic resonance imaging, suggests that men may be the more natural avengers.In the study, when male subjects witnessed people they perceived as bad guys being stroke by a mild electrical shock, their M.R.I. scans lit up in primitive brain areas associated with reward. Their brains' empathy centers remained dull. Women watching the punishment, in contrast, showed no response in centers associated with pleasure. Even though they also said they did not like the bad guys, their empathy centers still quietly gloved.The study seems to show for the first time in physical terms what many people probably assume they already know: that women are generally more empathetic than men, and that men, and that men take great pleasure in seeing revenge exacted. Men "expressed more desire for revenge and seemed to feel satisfaction when unfair people were given what they perceived as deserved physical punishment," said Dr. Tania Singer, the lead researcher, of the Wellcome Department of Imaging Neuroscience at University College London. But far from condemning the male impulse for retribution, Dr. Singer said it had an important social function: "This type of behavior. has probably been crucial in the evolution of society as the majority of people in a group are motivated to punish those who cheat on the rest."The study is part of a growing body of research that is attempting to better understand behavior. and emotions by observing simultaneous physiological changes in the brain, a technique now attainable through imaging. "Imaging is still in its early days but we are transitioning from a descriptive to a more mechanistic type of study," said Dr. Klaas Enno Stephan, a co-author of the paper.Dr. Singer's team was simply trying to see if the study subjects' degree of empathy correlated with how much they liked or disliked the person being punished. They had not set out to look into ** differences. To cultivate personal likes and dislikes in their 32 volunteers, they asked them to play a complex money strategy game, where both members of a pair would profit if both behaved cooperatively. The ranks of volunteers were infiltrated by actors told to play selfishly. Volunteers came quickly to "very much like" the partners who were cooperative, while disliking those who hided rewards, Dr. Stephan said. Effectively conditioned to like and dislike their game-playing partners, the 32 subjects were placed in scanners and asked to watch the various partners receive electrical shocks. On scans, both men and women seemed to feel the pain of partners they liked. But the real surprise came during scans when the subjects viewed the partners they disliked being shocked. "When women saw the shock, they still had an empathetic response, even though it was reduced," Dr. Stephan said. "The men had none at all." Furthermore, researchers found that the brain's pleasure centers lit up in males when just punishment was meted out.The researchers cautioned that it was not clear if men and women are born with divergent responses to revenge or if their social experiences generate the responses. Dr. Singer said larger studies were needed to see if differing responses would be seen in cases involving revenge that did not involve pain. Still, she added, "This investigation would seem to indicate there is a predominant role for men in maintaining justice and issuing punishment."第26题：Lord Byron\'s words mean ______.A. Women are crueler than menB. Revenge on women is sweeterC. Women feel sweeter with revenge than menD. Women love to revenge
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The Bilingual BrainWhen Karl Kim immigrated to the United States from Korea as a teenager,he had a hard time learning English.Now he speaks it fluently, and he had a unique opportunity to see how our brains adapt to a second language.As a graduate student, Kim worked in the lab of Joy Hirsch, a neuroscientist in New York Their work led to an important discovery.They found evidence that children and adults don't use the same parts ofthe brain when they learn a second language.The researchers used an instrument called an MRI(magnetic resonance imaging)scanner to study the brains of two groups of bilingual people.One group consisted of those who had learned a second language as children.The other consisted of people who,like Kim,learned their second language later in lite.Peoplefrom both groups were placed inside the MRI scanner ,This allowed Kim and Hirsch to see which parts of thebrain were getting more blood and were more active.They asked people from both groups to think about whatthey had done the day before ,first in one language and then the other.They couldn't speak out loudbecause any movement would disrupt（干扰）the scanning.Kim and Hirsch looked specifically at two language centers in the brain-Broca' s area, which isbelieved to control speech production,and Wernicke's area,which is thought to process meaning.Kim andHirsch found that both groups of people used the same part of Wernicke's area no matter what language theywere speaking.But their use of Broca's area was different.People who learned a second language as children used the same region in Broca's area for both tneir first and second languages.People who learned a second language later in life used a different part of Broca's area for their second language.How does Hirsch explain this difference?Hirsch believes that when language is first being programmed in young children,their brains may mix the sounds and structures of all languages in the same area.Once that programming is complete,the processing of a new language must be taken over by adifferent part of the brain.A second possibility is simply that we may acquire languages differently as children than we do asadults.Hirsch thinks that mothers teach a baby to speak by using different methods involving touch,sound and sight.And that is very different from learning a language in a high school or college class.Kim and Hirsch find that children______.A: use the same region in Broca's area to learn their first and second languageB:learn a second language slower than adultsC:are better at acquiring the sound system of a second language than adultsD:use special parts of the brain to program the structures of their first language
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The Bilingual BrainWhen Karl Kim immigrated to the United States from Korea as a teenager,he had a hard time learning English.Now he speaks it fluently, and he had a unique opportunity to see how our brains adapt to a second language.As a graduate student, Kim worked in the lab of Joy Hirsch, a neuroscientist in New York Their work led to an important discovery.They found evidence that children and adults don't use the same parts ofthe brain when they learn a second language.The researchers used an instrument called an MRI(magnetic resonance imaging)scanner to study the brains of two groups of bilingual people.One group consisted of those who had learned a second language as children.The other consisted of people who,like Kim,learned their second language later in lite.Peoplefrom both groups were placed inside the MRI scanner ,This allowed Kim and Hirsch to see which parts of thebrain were getting more blood and were more active.They asked people from both groups to think about whatthey had done the day before ,first in one language and then the other.They couldn't speak out loudbecause any movement would disrupt（干扰）the scanning.Kim and Hirsch looked specifically at two language centers in the brain-Broca' s area, which isbelieved to control speech production,and Wernicke's area,which is thought to process meaning.Kim andHirsch found that both groups of people used the same part of Wernicke's area no matter what language theywere speaking.But their use of Broca's area was different.People who learned a second language as children used the same region in Broca's area for both tneir first and second languages.People who learned a second language later in life used a different part of Broca's area for their second language.How does Hirsch explain this difference?Hirsch believes that when language is first being programmed in young children,their brains may mix the sounds and structures of all languages in the same area.Once that programming is complete,the processing of a new language must be taken over by adifferent part of the brain.A second possibility is simply that we may acquire languages differently as children than we do asadults.Hirsch thinks that mothers teach a baby to speak by using different methods involving touch,sound and sight.And that is very different from learning a language in a high school or college class.Which aspect of the two language centers in the brain does Paragraph 3 discuss?A:Impact. B:Function.C:Location. D:Size.
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DepressionEveryone occasionally feels blue or sad.But these feelings are usually short-lived and pass within a couple of days.Depression is a common but serious illness.Major depression prevents a person from functioning normally.It interferes with a person's ability to work,sleep,study,eat,and enjoy once-pleasurable activities.Minor depression is character-ized by having symptoms for 2 weeks or longer that do not meet full criteria for major depression. Without treatment,people with minor depression are at high risk for developing major depressive disorder.The severity,frequency,and duration of symptoms vary depending on the individual and his or her particular illness.They include persistent sad,anxious,feelings of hopelessness,guilt,worth-lessness,or helplessness,loss of interest in activities or hobbies once-pleasurable,fatigue and decreased energy,difficulty in concentrating,remembering details,and making decisions,insomnia, early-morning wakefulness,or excessive sleeping,suicide attempts.Depression also may occur with other serious medical illnesses such as heart disease,stroke, cancer,HI V/AIDS,diabetes,and Parkinson's disease.Depression is related to a combination of genetic,biological,environmental,and psychological factors.Research indicates that depressive illnesses are disorders of the brain.Brain-imaging tech-nologies,such as magnetic resonance imaging(MRI),have shown that the brains of people who have depression look different than those of people without depression.Some types of depression tend to run in families.In addition,trauma,loss of a loved one,a difficult relationship,or any stressful situation may trigger a depressive episode.Biological,life cycle,hormonal,and psychosocial factors that women experience may be related to women's higher depression rate.For example,women are especially vulnerable to developing postpartum depression after giving birth.Besides,during the transition into menopause,some women experience an increased risk for depression.It is still unclear,though,why some women faced with enormous challenges develop depression,while others with similar challenges do not.Paragraph 5_________A:What is depressionB:Signs and symptoms of depressionC:What causes depressionD:Illness that co-exist with depressionE:How do women experience depressionF:Several forms of depression
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第二篇The Magic of SoundMusic is one of the most beautiful forms of artistic expressions ever invented.In movies and plays, music has an added function:it not only moves people but also can shock people.Our eardrums can withstand sound within 20 to 80 decibels（分贝）.Once sound exceeds this limit , even beautiful music will become ear-splitting noise and harm health.A strong blast（响声）of high sound can twist and break a solid iron sheet.High sound of 150 decibels can kill a healthy rat.In movies,sometimes the hero can produce a sound that ordinary people can't hear and only those whohave the same ability can feel.In nature,there is actually sound that is beyond our hearing.In physics,the sound that exceeds 20,000Hz is called ultrasonic（超音波的）.Dolphins, whales and bats can make such high-frequency sound.It does no harm to health.Sound less than 20Hz is called infrasonic（次声）waves.When we move, the air will vibrate.The vibration of air can produce infrasonic waves.As the frequency of infrasonic waves is close to that of people's internal organs, infrasonic wave may cause resonance（共振）in human bodies.As a result,people's vision may weaken and internal organs may rupture（断裂）.However,whether an infrasonic wave can be used as a weapon depends on its intensity.If its intensity is very low,it won't damage internal organs or a person's health.If the intensity of infrasonic wave exceeds 160 decibels,it is extremely harmful.When wind blows at a force of 3 or 4 over the sea,it will produce infrasonic waves of several decibels.Only typhoons can produce infrasonic waves of over 100 decibels.At present,scientists can only produce infrasonic weapons in the lab with the help of advanced scientific tools and powerful electric power.An ultrasonic sound______.A:is very loudB:does harm to people's healthC:cannot be heard by peopleD:is produced by the hero in movies
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在活体上可进行多种脑功能的研究（）A、头颅拍片B、正电子发射断层扫描（PET）C、电子计算机体层扫描摄影（CT）D、磁共振成像（magnetic resonance imaging，MRI）E、单光子发射计算机断层显像（SPECT）
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在急性颅脑外伤，颅骨骨折、颅内急性出血时首选（）A、头颅拍片B、正电子发射断层扫描（PET）C、电子计算机体层扫描摄影（CT）D、磁共振成像（magnetic resonance imaging，MRI）E、单光子发射计算机断层显像（SPECT）
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对脑梗死的早期诊断、脑膜瘤和血管丰富、恶性程度高的脑瘤检出率高（）A、头颅拍片B、正电子发射断层扫描（PET）C、电子计算机体层扫描摄影（CT）D、磁共振成像（magnetic resonance imaging，MRI）E、单光子发射计算机断层显像（SPECT）
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单选题在急性颅脑外伤，颅骨骨折、颅内急性出血时首选（）A
头颅拍片B
正电子发射断层扫描（PET）C
电子计算机体层扫描摄影（CT）D
磁共振成像（magnetic resonance imaging，MRI）E
单光子发射计算机断层显像（SPECT）
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单选题怀疑有脊髓病变如脱髓鞘疾病、脑变性病变、脑白质病变等时应首选（）A
头颅拍片B
正电子发射断层扫描（PET）C
电子计算机体层扫描摄影（CT）D
磁共振成像（magnetic resonance imaging，MRI）E
单光子发射计算机断层显像（SPECT）
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多选题患者，男，32岁，因左侧咽部不适3年来诊，1年前诊断为左侧慢性扁桃体炎而行左侧扁桃体切除术，术后症状仍无明显改善至今。
患者颈部CT显示咽旁间隙内边界清、有包膜的实质性肿块，瘤体密度较均匀，有时有高密度斑点状钙化影散在。还有必要进一步进行以下哪些检查（）A咽部指诊BMRA（magnetic resonance angiography）C诊断性局部穿刺D茎突X线摄片EB超F颈部血管造影
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