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单选题
请阅读Passage 2，完成第26~30小题。Passage 2“There is one and only one social responsibility of business,”wrote Milton Friedman, a Nobel prize-winning economist,“That is, to use its resources and engage in activities designed to increase its profits.”But even if you accept Friedman's premise and regard corporate social responsibility(CSR) policies as a waste of shareholders' money, things may not be absolutely clear-cut.New research suggests that CSR may create monetary value for companies-at least when they are prosecuted for corruption.The largest firms in America and Britain together spend more than $15 billion a year on CSR, according to an estimate by EPG, a consulting firm.This could add value to their businesses in three ways.First, consumers may take CSR spending as a“signal”that a company's products are of high quality.Second, customers may be willing to buy a company's products as an indirect way to donate to the good causes it helps.And third, through a more diffuse“halo effect,” whereby its good deeds earn it greater consideration from consumers and others.Previous studies on CSR have had trouble differentiating these effects because consumers can be affected by all three.A recent study attempts to separate them by looking at bribery prosecutions under America's Foreign Corrupt Practices Act(FCPA).It argues that since prosecutors do not consume a company's products as part of their investigations, they could be influenced only by the halo effect.The study found that, among prosecuted firms, those with the most comprehensive CSR programmes tended to get more lenient penalties.Their analysis ruled out the possibility that it was firms' political influence, rather than their CSR stand, that accounted for the leniency: Companies that contributed more to political campaigns did not receive lower fines.In all, the study concludes that whereas prosecutors should only evaluate a case based on its merits, they do seem to be influenced by a company's record in CSR.“We estimate that either eliminating a substantial labour-rights concern, such as child labour, or increasing corporate giving by about 20% results in fines that generally are 40% lower than the typical punishment for bribing foreign officials,” says one researcher.Researchers admit that their study does not answer the question of how much businesses ought to spend on CSR.Nor does it reveal how much companies are banking on the halo effect, rather than the other possible benefits, when they decide their do-gooding policies.But at least they have demonstrated that when companies get into trouble with the law, evidence of good character can win them a less costly punishment.Which of the following is true of CSR, according to the last paragraph?
A
Its negative effects on businesses are of ten overlooked.
B
The necessary amount of companies' spending on it is unknown.
C
Companies' financial capacity for it has been overestimated.
D
It has brought much benefit to the banking industry.
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参考解析
解析：
更多 “单选题请阅读Passage 2，完成第26~30小题。Passage 2“There is one and only one social responsibility of business,”wrote Milton Friedman, a Nobel prize-winning economist,“That is, to use its resources and engage in activities designed to increase its profits.”But even if you accept Friedman's premise and regard corporate social responsibility(CSR) policies as a waste of shareholders' money, things may not be absolutely clear-cut.New research suggests that CSR may create monetary value for companies-at least when they are prosecuted for corruption.The largest firms in America and Britain together spend more than $15 billion a year on CSR, according to an estimate by EPG, a consulting firm.This could add value to their businesses in three ways.First, consumers may take CSR spending as a“signal”that a company's products are of high quality.Second, customers may be willing to buy a company's products as an indirect way to donate to the good causes it helps.And third, through a more diffuse“halo effect,” whereby its good deeds earn it greater consideration from consumers and others.Previous studies on CSR have had trouble differentiating these effects because consumers can be affected by all three.A recent study attempts to separate them by looking at bribery prosecutions under America's Foreign Corrupt Practices Act(FCPA).It argues that since prosecutors do not consume a company's products as part of their investigations, they could be influenced only by the halo effect.The study found that, among prosecuted firms, those with the most comprehensive CSR programmes tended to get more lenient penalties.Their analysis ruled out the possibility that it was firms' political influence, rather than their CSR stand, that accounted for the leniency: Companies that contributed more to political campaigns did not receive lower fines.In all, the study concludes that whereas prosecutors should only evaluate a case based on its merits, they do seem to be influenced by a company's record in CSR.“We estimate that either eliminating a substantial labour-rights concern, such as child labour, or increasing corporate giving by about 20% results in fines that generally are 40% lower than the typical punishment for bribing foreign officials,” says one researcher.Researchers admit that their study does not answer the question of how much businesses ought to spend on CSR.Nor does it reveal how much companies are banking on the halo effect, rather than the other possible benefits, when they decide their do-gooding policies.But at least they have demonstrated that when companies get into trouble with the law, evidence of good character can win them a less costly punishment.Which of the following is true of CSR, according to the last paragraph?A Its negative effects on businesses are of ten overlooked.B The necessary amount of companies' spending on it is unknown.C Companies' financial capacity for it has been overestimated.D It has brought much benefit to the banking industry.” 相关考题
考题
Find the word in the passage which means “ the movement from one place to another of a large group of animals” and write it down here: __________.
考题
It can be inferred from the passage that the goal of Leopold and Rudolph Blaschka was to ______.A. create a botanical garden where only exotic flowers growB. do a thorough study of plant structureC. make a copy of one member of each United States flower familyD. show that glass flowers are more realistic than wax flowers
考题
24． The passage tells us __________．A． the sun is not the biggest starB． the sun is bigger than any other starC． only the sun can shineD． the sun is one of the farthest stars from us
考题
The main idea of this passage is______.A. one's color preference shows one's characterB. you can brighten your life with wonderful colorsC. psychologists have been studying the meaning of color preferenceD. one's color preference has something to do with his character and colors have effects on human beings
考题
We can learn from the passage that __A. communication breakdown results from short pauses and fast pacingB. women are unfavorably stereotyped in eastern cities of the USC. one's inability to speak up is culturally determined sometimesD. one should receive training to build up one's confidence
考题
15． From the passage，we can learn _________ ．A． one shouldn’t criticize others very oftenB． one should often make his windows cleanC． one must judge himself before he judges othersD． one must look at others through his dirty window
考题
The whole passage centers on__________.A.choosing a career according to what one is skilled in
B.acquiring knowledge by working hard at school
C.finding one's strong and weak points
D.developing one's abilities useful in school work
考题
The whole passage centers onA.choosing a career according to what one is skilled in___________.
B.acquiring knowledge by working hard at school
C.finding one's strong and weak points
D.developing one's abilities useful in school work
考题
At least how many tests were carried out by the scientists referred to in this passage A.Three
B.Two
C.Only one
D.No one knows
考题
单选题Which of the following is an appropriate title for this passage?A
Ready for a Round Trip to MarsB
Ready for a Short Visit to MarsC
Ready for a One-way Trip to MarsD
Ready for a Walk on Mars
考题
单选题Which of the following best describes the relationship between Passage 1 and Passage 2?A
Passage 2 offers a criticism of the political theory outlined in Passage 1.B
Passage 1 expands upon an argument made in Passage 2.C
Passage 1 refutes the conclusion drawn in Passage 2.D
Passage 2 offers a balanced counterpoint to the biased opinions expressed in Passage 1E
Passage I offers evidence to support the main idea of Passage 2.
考题
单选题As is suggested in the passage, failure to feel happy often results from ______.A
lack of company of friendsB
lack of freedom to love and be lovedC
taking everything one has for grantedD
ignoring the choices one is given in life
考题
单选题The author of Passage 1 most likely refers to logging (line 26) to ______.A
explain why there are so many orphan chimpsB
criticize the inhabitants of several African nations for their cruel actionsC
offer an alternative industry to capturing chimpanzeesD
describe one of the reasons the chimp population is decreasingE
elucidate the factors contributing to Africa's economic development
考题
单选题In this passage the author argues that______.A
more and more evidence shows college education may not be the best thing for high school graduatesB
college education is not enough if one wants to be successfulC
college education benefits only the intelligent, ambitious, and quick-learning peopleD
intelligent people may learn quicker if they don’ t go to college
考题
单选题It is mentioned in the passage that one has to pay tax according to _____.A
how much education one has receivedB
whether one is single or marriedC
how old one’s children areD
where one lives
考题
多选题For Question 1, consider each of the choices separately and select all that apply. Which of the following statements about Edison can be inferred from the passage?AEdison was one of the world’s most esteemed and influential inventors.BConcrete furniture was the only one of Edison’s inventions to ultimately fail.CThe light bulb and the phonograph were extremely successful inventions by Edison.
考题
单选题The two passages differ in their perspectives on the debate between industrialists and environmentalists mainly in that Passage 1 emphasizes ______.A
mathematics, while Passage 2 emphasizes psychologyB
deficiencies in the debate, while Passage 2 emphasizes progress in the debateC
the irrelevance of externalities, while Passage 2 emphasizes their importanceD
the impact on taxpayers, while Passage 2 emphasizes the views of politiciansE
pollution, while Passage 2 emphasizes recycling
考题
单选题According to the passage, when people grow fond of one particular brand of a product, its sales will _____.A
decrease graduallyB
remain at the same levelC
become unstableD
improve enormously
考题
单选题请阅读 Passage 2，完成第 26~30小题。Passage 2 The common cold is the world's most widespread illness， which is plague that flesh receives.The most widespread fallacy of all is that colds caused by cold.They are not， They are caused by viruses passing on from person to person.You catch a cold by coming into contact， directly or indirectly， with someone who already has one.If cold causes colds， it would be reasonable to expect the Eskimos to suffer from them forever.But they do not.And in isolated arctic regions explorers have reported being free from colds until coming into contact again with infected people from the outside world by way of packages and mail dropped from airplanes.During the First World War soldiers who spent long periods in the trenches， cold and wet，showed no increased tendency to catch colds.In the Second World War prisoners at the notorious Auschwitz concentration camp， naked and starving， were astonished to find that they seldom had colds.At the Common Cold Research Unit in England， volunteers took part in Experiments in which they gave themselves to the discomforts of being cold and wet for long stretches of time.After taking hot baths， they put on bathing suits， allowed themselves to be with cold water， and then stood about dripping wet in drafty room.Some wore wet socks all day while others exercised in the rain until close to exhaustion.Not one of the volunteers came down with a cold unless a cold virus was actually dropped in his nose.If， then， cold and wet have nothing to do with catching colds， why are they more frequent in the winter? Despite the most pains-taking research， no one has yet found the answer， One explanation offered by scientists is that people tend to stay together indoors more in cold weather than at other times， and this makes it easier for cold viruses to be passed on.No one has yet found a cure for the cold.There are drugs and pain suppressors such as aspirin， but all they do is relieve the symptoms.Which of the following does not agree with the passage?A
The Eskimos do not suffer from colds all the time.B
Colds are not caused by cold.C
People suffer from colds just because they like to stay indoors.D
A person rnay catch a cold by touching someone who already has one.
考题
单选题请阅读 Passage 2，完成第 26~30小题 。Passage 2Paper money is used every day but people do not often think of money as just paper.This is because people agree that it has value，and paper money is supported by the government.People have used paper money for only a few hundred years，but what did people do before printed money was invented? In Medieval England，a stick was the official representation of money. The common system that was used involved counting debt on a piece of wood called a "tally stick". The tally stick was marked with a knife.Each mark，or tally，indicated an amount of money.The tally stick acted as a contract.No one really knows who invented the tally stick，but King Henry I of England is credited as the first to use the stick in a widespread fashion.In England，the tally stick was used from 1100-1826.Marks were made on a tally stick to represent the amount of service or goods that were exchanged.The tally stick was cut in halflengthwise into two parts，and one stick was longer than the other.The person giving services or goods received the longer end of the stick，called the "stock"，and the person paying for the service or goods received the shorter end.Once the stick was cut，it could not be altered.When put together，the two halves fit perfectly together.Medieval England was not the only country to use the tally stick system.In 1960，Belgian scientist Jean de Heinzelin de Braucourt discovered an extremely old tally stick made of baboon bone in Africa.At first，he determined the stick to be between about 8，000 to 10，000 years old.This surprised many people because it proved that the tally stick system had been in use for much longer than everyone had previously thought.Further research has shown that this stick is actually much older: now，scientists believe it is 20，000 years old.The tally stick system may no longer be in use today，but its influence is still apparent.People still make contracts and people still borrow and lend money.People still trust that "things"-whether they are sticks，paper，or coins-have value.The next time paper money is used，just remember: it is only paper!According to the passage，what makes money valuable?A
People who use it.B
Gold that people find.C
Inventions.D
Agreement.
考题
单选题请阅读 Passage 2，完成第 26~30小题。Passage 2 The common cold is the world's most widespread illness， which is plague that flesh receives.The most widespread fallacy of all is that colds caused by cold.They are not， They are caused by viruses passing on from person to person.You catch a cold by coming into contact， directly or indirectly， with someone who already has one.If cold causes colds， it would be reasonable to expect the Eskimos to suffer from them forever.But they do not.And in isolated arctic regions explorers have reported being free from colds until coming into contact again with infected people from the outside world by way of packages and mail dropped from airplanes.During the First World War soldiers who spent long periods in the trenches， cold and wet，showed no increased tendency to catch colds.In the Second World War prisoners at the notorious Auschwitz concentration camp， naked and starving， were astonished to find that they seldom had colds.At the Common Cold Research Unit in England， volunteers took part in Experiments in which they gave themselves to the discomforts of being cold and wet for long stretches of time.After taking hot baths， they put on bathing suits， allowed themselves to be with cold water， and then stood about dripping wet in drafty room.Some wore wet socks all day while others exercised in the rain until close to exhaustion.Not one of the volunteers came down with a cold unless a cold virus was actually dropped in his nose.If， then， cold and wet have nothing to do with catching colds， why are they more frequent in the winter? Despite the most pains-taking research， no one has yet found the answer， One explanation offered by scientists is that people tend to stay together indoors more in cold weather than at other times， and this makes it easier for cold viruses to be passed on.No one has yet found a cure for the cold.There are drugs and pain suppressors such as aspirin， but all they do is relieve the symptoms.The author cites the Eskimos not suffering from common colds forever to indicate ____.A
common colds are more severe than other plaguesB
viruses are the factors causing common coldsC
common colds are full of mythD
the idea that cold leads to colds doesn’t stand up
考题
单选题请阅读 Passage 2，完成第 26~30小题。Passage 2 The common cold is the world's most widespread illness， which is plague that flesh receives.The most widespread fallacy of all is that colds caused by cold.They are not， They are caused by viruses passing on from person to person.You catch a cold by coming into contact， directly or indirectly， with someone who already has one.If cold causes colds， it would be reasonable to expect the Eskimos to suffer from them forever.But they do not.And in isolated arctic regions explorers have reported being free from colds until coming into contact again with infected people from the outside world by way of packages and mail dropped from airplanes.During the First World War soldiers who spent long periods in the trenches， cold and wet，showed no increased tendency to catch colds.In the Second World War prisoners at the notorious Auschwitz concentration camp， naked and starving， were astonished to find that they seldom had colds.At the Common Cold Research Unit in England， volunteers took part in Experiments in which they gave themselves to the discomforts of being cold and wet for long stretches of time.After taking hot baths， they put on bathing suits， allowed themselves to be with cold water， and then stood about dripping wet in drafty room.Some wore wet socks all day while others exercised in the rain until close to exhaustion.Not one of the volunteers came down with a cold unless a cold virus was actually dropped in his nose.If， then， cold and wet have nothing to do with catching colds， why are they more frequent in the winter? Despite the most pains-taking research， no one has yet found the answer， One explanation offered by scientists is that people tend to stay together indoors more in cold weather than at other times， and this makes it easier for cold viruses to be passed on.No one has yet found a cure for the cold.There are drugs and pain suppressors such as aspirin， but all they do is relieve the symptoms.The passage mainly discusses ____.A
the experiments on the common coldB
the cures about the common coldC
why and how people catch coldsD
the continued spread of common colds
考题
单选题请阅读 Passage 2，完成第 26~30小题。Passage 2 The common cold is the world's most widespread illness， which is plague that flesh receives.The most widespread fallacy of all is that colds caused by cold.They are not， They are caused by viruses passing on from person to person.You catch a cold by coming into contact， directly or indirectly， with someone who already has one.If cold causes colds， it would be reasonable to expect the Eskimos to suffer from them forever.But they do not.And in isolated arctic regions explorers have reported being free from colds until coming into contact again with infected people from the outside world by way of packages and mail dropped from airplanes.During the First World War soldiers who spent long periods in the trenches， cold and wet，showed no increased tendency to catch colds.In the Second World War prisoners at the notorious Auschwitz concentration camp， naked and starving， were astonished to find that they seldom had colds.At the Common Cold Research Unit in England， volunteers took part in Experiments in which they gave themselves to the discomforts of being cold and wet for long stretches of time.After taking hot baths， they put on bathing suits， allowed themselves to be with cold water， and then stood about dripping wet in drafty room.Some wore wet socks all day while others exercised in the rain until close to exhaustion.Not one of the volunteers came down with a cold unless a cold virus was actually dropped in his nose.If， then， cold and wet have nothing to do with catching colds， why are they more frequent in the winter? Despite the most pains-taking research， no one has yet found the answer， One explanation offered by scientists is that people tend to stay together indoors more in cold weather than at other times， and this makes it easier for cold viruses to be passed on.No one has yet found a cure for the cold.There are drugs and pain suppressors such as aspirin， but all they do is relieve the symptoms.Volunteers taking part in the experiments in the Common Cold Research Unit ____.A
all suffered from cold and wetB
never caught coldsC
caught colds easilyD
all caught colds because of the harsh environment
考题
单选题The author of the passage would be most likely to agree with which of the following statements about the Milankovitch theory?A
It is the only possible explanation for the ice ages.B
It is too limited to provide a plausible explanation for the ice ages, despite recent research findings.C
It cannot be tested and confirmed until further research on volcanic activity is done.D
It is one plausible explanation, though not the only one, for the ice ages.E
It is not a plausible explanation for the ice ages, although it has opened up promising possibilities for future research.
考题
单选题Which of the following is mentioned in Passage 2 as one of the potential flaws (line 156) in Costanza's work ______.A
contradions with well-known theories of economicsB
excessivel technical languageC
a failure consider any externalitiesD
excessive reliance on guessworkE
incomplete mathematical models
考题
单选题As described in the passage, passion _____.A
has nothing to do with workB
is one way to control emotionsC
is one kind of negative emotionsD
sometimes may transform into fury
考题
单选题According to the passage, it makes one feel _____ to be unemployed.A
seriousB
shamefulC
strangeD
obvious
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