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Passage 1 Some people were just born to rebel; Charles Darwin was 1 of them. Likewise Nicholas Copernicus, Benjamin Franklin and Bill Gates. They were 2 “laterborns” —that is, they had at least one older sibling — brother or sister — when they were born. In fact, laterborns are up to 15 times more 3 than firstborns to resist authority and 4 new ground, says Frank J. Sulloway, a researcher scholar at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. In his book “Born To Rebel” being released this week, Sulloway claims that 5 someone is an older or younger sibling is the most important 6 shaping personality—more significant 7 gender, race, nationality or class. He 8 26 years studying the lives—and birth orders—of 6,566 historical figures to 9 his conclusions. A laterborn himself, Sulloway first posed how birth order 10 personality as a scholar of Darwin at Harvard University. “ 11 could a somewhat commonplace student at Cambridge become the most revolutionary thinker in the 19th century?” he said. Darwin, the first to 12 the belief 13 God created the world with his theory of evolution, was the fifth of six 14 . Most of his opponents were firstborns. Sulloway’s theory held 15 with Copernicus, the first astronomer to propose that the Sun was the center of the universe, and computer revolutionary Gates of Microsoft.
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更多 “问答题Passage 1 Some people were just born to rebel; Charles Darwin was 1 of them. Likewise Nicholas Copernicus, Benjamin Franklin and Bill Gates. They were 2 “laterborns” —that is, they had at least one older sibling — brother or sister — when they were born. In fact, laterborns are up to 15 times more 3 than firstborns to resist authority and 4 new ground, says Frank J. Sulloway, a researcher scholar at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. In his book “Born To Rebel” being released this week, Sulloway claims that 5 someone is an older or younger sibling is the most important 6 shaping personality—more significant 7 gender, race, nationality or class. He 8 26 years studying the lives—and birth orders—of 6,566 historical figures to 9 his conclusions. A laterborn himself, Sulloway first posed how birth order 10 personality as a scholar of Darwin at Harvard University. “ 11 could a somewhat commonplace student at Cambridge become the most revolutionary thinker in the 19th century?” he said. Darwin, the first to 12 the belief 13 God created the world with his theory of evolution, was the fifth of six 14 . Most of his opponents were firstborns. Sulloway’s theory held 15 with Copernicus, the first astronomer to propose that the Sun was the center of the universe, and computer revolutionary Gates of Microsoft.” 相关考题
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问答题Passage 2 Many scientists have wondered whether there is some quirk in the way depression is inherited, such as a depressed parent or grandparent is more likely to pass on a predisposition for the disorder to female than to male descendants. Based on studies that trace family histories of depression, the answer to that question appears to be no. (1)______ Simply tracing family histories, though, without considering environmental influences, might not offer a complete picture of how depression is inherited. Indeed, Kenneth S. Kendler and his colleagues at the Medical College of Virginia found in a study of 2060 female twins that genetics might contribute to how women respond to environmental pressures. The researchers examined twins with and without a family history of depression; some twins in both groups had recently undergone a trauma, such as the death of a loved one or a divorce. The investigators found that among the women who did not have a family history of depression, stressful events raised their risk for depression by only 6 percent. (2)______. A similar study has not been done in men, leaving open the question of whether environmental stress and genetic risk for depression interact similarly in both sexes. But research is being done, to determine whether men and women generally experience similar amounts and types of stress. Studies of key hormones hint that they do not. Hormones are not new to depression researchers. Many have wondered whether the gonadal steroids estrogen and progesterone--whose cyclic fluctuations in women regulate menstruation--might put women at a greater risk for depression. There are at least two ways in which they might do so. First, because of differences between theX and Y chromosomes, male and female brains are exposed to different hormonal milieus. (3)______. Indeed, animal experiments show that early hormonal influences have marked behavioral consequences later on, although the phenomenon is of course difficult to study in humans. Second, the fact that postpuberal men and women have different levels of circulating gonad steroids might somehow pull women at higher risk for depression. Research shows girls become more susceptible to depression than boys only after puberty, when they begin menstruating and experience hormonal fluxes. (4)______. For example, Peter J. Schmidt and David R. Rubinow of the National Institute of Mental Health recently reported that manipulations of estrogen and progesterone did not affect mood, except in women who suffer from severe premenstrual mood changes. It now appears, however, that estrogen might set the stage for depression indirectly by priming the body's stress response. During stressful times, the adrenal glands--which sit on top of the kidneys and are controlled by the pituitary gland in the brain--secrete higher levels of a hormone called cortical, which increases the activity of the body's metabolic and immune systems, among others: (5)______. Evidence is emerging that estrogen might not only increase cortical secretion but also decrease mortise’s ability to shut down its own secretion. The result might be a stress response that is not only more pronounced but also longer-lasting in women than in men.[A] But the same risk rose almost 14 percent among the women who did have a family history of depression. In other words, these women had seemingly inherited the propensity to become depressed in the wake of crises.[B] To figure out why depression is more common among women, scientists have to study how genetics and environment divide the sexes and how the two conspire to produce the symptoms we describe as depression.[C] In the normal course of events, stress increases cortical secretion, but these elevated levels have a negative feedback effect on the pituitary, so that cortical levels gradually return to normal;[D] Despite their importance, estrogen and cortical are not the only hormones involved in female depression, medium stress is not the only environmental influence that might hold more sway over women than men.[E] These hormonal differences may affect brain development so that men and women have different vulnerabilities and different physiological reactions to environmental stresses later in life.[F] Even so, scientists have never been able to establish a direct relation between emotional states and levels of estrogen and progesterone in the blood of women.[G] Women and men with similar heritage seem equally likely to develop disorder.
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单选题The author uses the term “common ground of understanding” to refer to ______.A
familiar legislation regarding political activityB
the experiences that all adolescents shareC
a society’s general sense of its own political activityD
a society’s willingness to resolve political tensions
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单选题The second paragraph implies that the author is for ______.A
the offering of the course “religious doctrines”.B
a reconsideration of the obligations of universities to society.C
neutrality in value judgment in higher education.D
moral inspection of the staff and the courses they offer.
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问答题Passage 3 [A] Evening entertainment [B] Main tourist attraction [C] Good times to visit [D] Other places of interest [E] Introduction and location [F] the number of tourists [G] Clubs and pubsEdinburgh (1) ______ Edinburgh, the capital of Scotland, is in the south-east of the country. It is situated on the coast, and the beautiful, green Pentland hills are not far from the city centre. Castle Rock stands in the centre of Edinburgh and is the best place for fantastic views of the city. With a population of almost half a million people, the city is an exciting mix of traditional and modern. (2) ______. The first stop for most visitors to the city is the castle on Castle Rock. It is certainly worth a visit and the area nearby is full of shops that sell whisky and tartans to the tourists. Edinburgh’s most famous street, the Royal Mile, runs from the castle to the Palace of Holyroodhouse and the Scottish Parliament. Along the street, you can see many interesting buildings and you can stop for a drink at a traditional, old Scottish pub. (3) ______. During your visit, you should certainly take the time to see other parts of the city. Prince’s Street has lovely gardens, museums and shops. The New Town is a superb area for walking with its attractive 18th century houses, offices and churches. Finally, the Grassmarket is an old part of the city which is full of cafes, bars and restaurants. (4) ______. Edinburgh has a large student population and the nightlife is excellent. Clubs usually stay open until three in the morning. You can hear live music in many of the pubs, choose from a number of first-class cinemas or go to a “ceilidh” (a traditional Scottish dance). (5) ______. The best time to come to the city is in August. Every year, thousands of people visit the Edinburgh Festival, the world’s biggest arts festival. With concerts, opera, theatre and art exhibitions, there is something for everyone. For winter visitors, Hogmanay (the Scottish New Year) is also an incredible experience that you will never forget.
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单选题Which of the following statements is true according to the text?A
Washington would not appreciate the idea of overthrowing social order.B
Racial separation is an outcome of accommodationist ideology.C
Washington would not support determined activist leadership.D
The Philadelphia Negro is a book on blacks in American South.
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单选题According to the text, Du Bois worked as all of the following EXCEPT ______.A
an editor.B
an educator.C
a scholar.D
an official.
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单选题Which of the following is true according to the text?A
Ali the patients whom Dr Starzl operated on died on the operating table.B
To Dr Starzl it was very discouraging that his first liver transplant failed.C
Many doctors had performed organ transplant before Dr Starzl.D
Dr Starzl didn’t give up even though he had failed in his attempts.
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问答题Passage 1 [A] Time Away That Shapes Careers [B] Faculty Weigh in [C] Admissions Impact [D] No Regrets [E] Help Students Develop Strategies to Mingle [F] Finding Opportunities [G] Build Strong Sense of Responsibility Data from the National Science Foundation indicate that over the last 25 years, there has been a fairly consistent 1- to 2-year time variance in the interval between an undergraduate degree and a Ph.D. So where does the extra time go? Part of it is the “postbac”: recent graduates often take between the bachelor’s degree and graduate school. “Postbac” time allows recent graduates to mature, gain some perspective, and learn new skills before starting out on a long graduate program. A short hiatus before the long road, students and faculty members say, is almost always good. (1) ______ Most faculty members agree that if students have a clear idea of what they want to study and what their goals are, they can make a successful direct transition to graduate school. “For the great majority of students, some time off is a good idea,” says Deborah Goldberg, a professor of ecology and evolutionary biology at the University of Michigan. Students with more life experience often have the maturity it takes to persevere through a Ph.D., she says. She has observed that students without that experience are more likely to feel burned out and to drop out of their Ph. D. programs than are students who take time off. (2) ______ Faculty members agree that 1 to 2 years away does not hurt a student in the graduate-admissions process. But relevant work—especially research experience—often has a better-than-neutral effect on admissions prospects. As he considered graduate programs, Gries was able to discuss his research in one-on-one interviews with faculty members, and all of them, he says, considered his year of work an advantage. Maturity and life experience are the main selling points for “postbac” time, but the details of what you learn can matter, too. In addition, many faculty members appreciate the perspectives students with added life experience bring to their classrooms and laboratories. (3) ______ Individuals we spoke to who had completed a “postbac” expressed no regrets about their decisions. Sarah Walker sees only advantages to the time that she spent in the Peace Corps and working in Africa. After she finished her undergraduate degree at Smith College in Northatmpton, Massachusetts, in 1994, she worked as a biology and mathematics teacher for 2 years in Lesotho. When she returned to graduate school at the University of Virginia, Charlottesville, in 1998, Walker found that her experience in the Peace Cows made teaching assignments easier. Her experience in Africa shaped her career goals: Her thesis research in environmental science examined the impact of land-use changes on ecological systems. Walker says her relationships with faculty members were also improved by her time away. (4) ______ Finding a postgraduate position outside of organized programs such as the Peace Cows requires undergraduates to mine a diverse network of resources. Talk to as many people as possible, Goldberg says; faculty members might know of colleagues who are looking for research assistants. Regional and national meetings present great chances for undergraduates to scout for positions. (5) ______ After completing the core requirements for her Ph.D. in 2005, Walker took a job at Winrock International, a nonprofit international development organization in Arlington, Virginia. Her job —advising projects that help limit carbon emissions and deforestation in the developing world-builds on both her Peace Corps experience and scientific expertise. Unsurprisingly, she’s a strong advocate of the postbac. “Taking 2 years off has zero negative impact on your ability to continue on in school,” she advises. It allows you to grow as a person and have a better sense of what it is that you want to do.
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单选题It is Du Bois’s belief that ______.A
the blacks have a priority in terms of education.B
higher education should be free for all races.C
everyone has an equal right to education.D
development in education should be gradual.
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单选题According to this text, piloted space missions will need to be ______.A
more exciting than earlier film versions.B
supported by international organizations.C
more cost-effective than they appear to be at present.D
financed by individual governments.
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