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To Edward Hall the principal difference between cultures is whether they are monochromic or polychromic.In monochromic cultures（United States,Northern Europe）people do things one by one.They follow schedules because time can be squandered or saved.Promptness is essential,and one who is late has_________a grave offense.
A.made
B.committed
C.done
D.taken
B.committed
C.done
D.taken
参考答案
参考解析
解析：commit“犯错误，干坏事”，符合文意。最后一句意思是“做事敏捷是最重要的，迟到的人是对别人的严重冒犯。
更多 “To Edward Hall the principal difference between cultures is whether they are monochromic or polychromic.In monochromic cultures（United States,Northern Europe）people do things one by one.They follow schedules because time can be squandered or saved.Promptness is essential,and one who is late has_________a grave offense.A.made B.committed C.done D.taken” 相关考题
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In Asia, the United States tried to contain the People’s Republic of China as well. The United States did not formally recognize the People's Republic of China (PRC) for 30 years after its founding.()此题为判断题(对，错)。
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49) Creating a “European identity” that respects the different cultures and traditions which go to make up the connecting fabric of the Old Continent is no easy task and demands a strategic choice -- that of producing programs in Europe for Europe.
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ESuccessful people in international business understand the cultures of other countries and learn to change their practices in different cultures. They understand the importance of avoiding business decisions based on misconceptions-mistaken ideas.One cause of misconceptions is ethnocentrism, the belief that one’s own culture’s way of doing things is better than the way of other cultures. It’s ethnocentrism that leads to failure in international business. To avoid ethnocentrism, it’s necessary to study the different elements(组成部分) of culture language, values and attitudes, and customs and manners.LanguageA knowledge of the local language can help international business people in four ways. First, people can communicates directly. Second, people are usually more open in their communicationWith someone who speaks their language. Third, an understanding of the language allows people to infer meanings that are not said directly. Finally, knowing the language helps people to understand the culture better.Values and AttitudesValues are people’s basic beliefs about the difference between right and wrong, good and bad. An attitude is way of thinking or acting. Values and attitudes influence international business. ForExample, many people in the United States believe that chocolate from Switzerland is better than chocolate from other countries, and they buy a lot of it.Customs and MannersCustoms are common social practices. Manners are ways of acting that the society believes are polite. For example, in the United States, it is custom to have salad(色拉) before the main course at dinner, not after. It’s not acceptable to talk with food in mouth at table. Failure to understand the customs and manners of other countries will bring difficulty selling their products. Orange juice as a breakfast drink of an American company in France doesn’t sell well because the French don’t usually drink juice with breakfast.57. A knowledge of the local language allows international business people __________.A. to be more open with their customersB. to communicate without outside helpC. to express their thoughts indirectlyD. to have a better idea of their own culture
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Passage FourEvery culture and every country in the world celebrates New Year, but not everyone does it the same way. The countries in North America and Europe welcome New Year on January the first. This practice began with the Romans in the Middle East, New Year is when spring begins. People in China and Vietnam celebrate it on the first day of the Spring Festival, which is the first day of their calendar based on the moon. Rosh Hashana, which is the Jewish (犹太人的) New Year, comes at the end of summer. The Hindus (印度教教徒 ) in India celebrate the first day of each season, so they have four New Years.In all these cultures, there is a practice of making noise. People made noise in ancient times to drive away the evil spirits (妖精) from their homes. Today making noise is more of a custom than a religious rimIn the United States, many people stay up until midnight on New Year's Eve to watch the clock pass from one year to the next. Friends often gather together at a party on New Year's Eve, and when the new year comes, all ring bells, blow' whistles, sing songs, and kiss each other. A favorite Scottish song which everyone sings together is Auld Lang Sync. The words tell of old friends and good times.In all cultures, New Year's Day is a time when people think of new beginnings. They want to make the coming year better than the last one. Many people in the United States make New Year resolutions. These are specific promises that they make to improve their behavior, change their habits, and become better people. There are many jokes about how a person keeps his or her New Year resolutions.48. In ancient times, the practice of making noise was meant ______.A. to keep the evil spirits awayB. to have funC. to celebrate the coming of the new yearD. to keep to a custom
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He made efforts to bridge the _______ between people from different cultures.
A.gapB.differenceC.diversity
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The fundamental difference between homonyms and polysemants is whether ______.
A、 they come from the same sourceB、 they are correlated with one central meaningC、 they are listed under one headword in a dictionaryD、 all the above
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In societies with low power distance power is distributed more equally and people want that no one gains too much power. Central and northern Europe such as Germany and Anglo-Saxon countries such as () are typical such societies.
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The international flavor of many people’s jobs naturally means that there is greater interaction(交往)between people from different cultures. Within the business environment, understanding and coping with intercultural differences between people is critical(重要的)to ensuring(保证)that interpersonal communication is successful.Intercultural awareness(跨文化意识)is necessary for two reasons. Firstly, it minimizes(减少)the possibility of misunderstandings (误解)and/or causing offense (冒犯)through intercultural mishaps(意外). Secondly, it is a means to maximizing (使……最大化)the potential of business relationships through the utilization(利用)of intercultural differences productively.One area within the business environment in which intercultural awareness is a necessity is in business presentation. Directors(主管), managers, salespeople, consultants (顾问)and business personnel are regularly required to deliver presentations. However, when one is asked to give a presentation to an audience from a different culture there are intercultural factors that can hinder(阻碍)the success of a presentation.1. What is very important in interpersonal communication according to the text?()A.Understanding and coping with intercultural differences between people.B.Greater interaction between people from different cultures.C.Offense through intercultural mishaps.D.Misunderstanding through intercultural mishaps.2.What can we infer(推理)from the text about intercultural communication?()A.There are many differences among people from different cultures.B.Misunderstandings seldom occur(发生)in intercultural communication.C.Intercultural mishaps do not exist within the business environment.D.Business presentation is an easy job in intercultural communication.3.How can intercultural awareness help in strengthening business relationship?()A.It minimizes the possibility of misunderstandings in intercultural communication.B.It can help people find the intercultural factors that can hinder the success of a business presentation.C.It can help people use intercultural differences productively.D.All of the above.4.What does intercultural awareness mean?()A.Intercultural differences in intercultural communication.B.Understanding and coping with intercultural differences between people.C.Giving a business presentation.D.Misunderstandings through intercultural mishaps.5.If this text goes on, what do you think the author is going to talk about next?()A.The intercultural factors that can hinder the success of a business presentation.B.Misunderstandings in intercultural communication.C.Intercultural mishaps.D.How to use intercultural differences productively.
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What is the main idea of this passage?A. It is important to be on time for class in the United States.B. The importance of being on time differs among cultures.C. People learn' the importance of time from the culture they are in.D. Students being late for class should explain the reason to their teacher.
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资料：When we see well，we do not think about our eyes very often. It is only when we cannot see perfectly that we realize how important our eyes are.
People who are near-sighted can only see things that are very close to their eyes，Everything else seems blurry（=unclear）.Many people who do a lot of work，such as writing，reading and sewing become near-sighted.
People who are far-sighted suffer from just the opposite problem. They can see things that are far away，but they have difficulty in reading a book unless they hold it at arm’s length. If they want to do much reading，they must get glasses，too.
Other people do not see clearly because their eyes are not exactly the right shape. They have what is called astigmatism. This，too，can be corrected by glasses. Some people’s eyes become cloudy because of cataracts. Long ago these people often became blind. Now，however，it is possible to operate on the cataracts and remove them.
Having two good eyes is important for judging distances. Each eye sees things from a slightly different angle. To prove this to yourself，look at an object out of one eye；Then look at the same object out of your other eye. You will find the object’s relation to the background and other things around it has changed. The difference between these two different eye views helps us to judge how far away an object is. People who have only one eye cannot judge distance as people with two eyes.
People who suffer from astigmatism have______.A.a difficulty that can be corrected by an operation
B.eyes that are not exactly the right shape
C.an eye difficulty that cannot be corrected by glasses
D.one eye bigger than the other
考题
资料：When we see well，we do not think about our eyes very often. It is only when we cannot see perfectly that we realize how important our eyes are.
People who are near-sighted can only see things that are very close to their eyes，Everything else seems blurry（=unclear）.Many people who do a lot of work，such as writing，reading and sewing become near-sighted.
People who are far-sighted suffer from just the opposite problem. They can see things that are far away，but they have difficulty in reading a book unless they hold it at arm’s length. If they want to do much reading，they must get glasses，too.
Other people do not see clearly because their eyes are not exactly the right shape. They have what is called astigmatism. This，too，can be corrected by glasses. Some people’s eyes become cloudy because of cataracts. Long ago these people often became blind. Now，however，it is possible to operate on the cataracts and remove them.
Having two good eyes is important for judging distances. Each eye sees things from a slightly different angle. To prove this to yourself，look at an object out of one eye；Then look at the same object out of your other eye. You will find the object’s relation to the background and other things around it has changed. The difference between these two different eye views helps us to judge how far away an object is. People who have only one eye cannot judge distance as people with two eyes.
Having two eyes instead of one is particularly useful for______.A.looking over a wide area
B.seeing objects far away
C.judging distances
D.seeing at night
考题
资料：When we see well，we do not think about our eyes very often. It is only when we cannot see perfectly that we realize how important our eyes are.
People who are near-sighted can only see things that are very close to their eyes，Everything else seems blurry（=unclear）.Many people who do a lot of work，such as writing，reading and sewing become near-sighted.
People who are far-sighted suffer from just the opposite problem. They can see things that are far away，but they have difficulty in reading a book unless they hold it at arm’s length. If they want to do much reading，they must get glasses，too.
Other people do not see clearly because their eyes are not exactly the right shape. They have what is called astigmatism. This，too，can be corrected by glasses. Some people’s eyes become cloudy because of cataracts. Long ago these people often became blind. Now，however，it is possible to operate on the cataracts and remove them.
Having two good eyes is important for judging distances. Each eye sees things from a slightly different angle. To prove this to yourself，look at an object out of one eye；Then look at the same object out of your other eye. You will find the object’s relation to the background and other things around it has changed. The difference between these two different eye views helps us to judge how far away an object is. People who have only one eye cannot judge distance as people with two eyes.
The underlined word suffer in the third paragraph probably means______.
A.feel pain
B.imagine
C.are affected with
D.experience
考题
资料：When we see well，we do not think about our eyes very often. It is only when we cannot see perfectly that we realize how important our eyes are.
People who are near-sighted can only see things that are very close to their eyes，Everything else seems blurry（=unclear）.Many people who do a lot of work，such as writing，reading and sewing become near-sighted.
People who are far-sighted suffer from just the opposite problem. They can see things that are far away，but they have difficulty in reading a book unless they hold it at arm’s length. If they want to do much reading，they must get glasses，too.
Other people do not see clearly because their eyes are not exactly the right shape. They have what is called astigmatism. This，too，can be corrected by glasses. Some people’s eyes become cloudy because of cataracts. Long ago these people often became blind. Now，however，it is possible to operate on the cataracts and remove them.
Having two good eyes is important for judging distances. Each eye sees things from a slightly different angle. To prove this to yourself，look at an object out of one eye；Then look at the same object out of your other eye. You will find the object’s relation to the background and other things around it has changed. The difference between these two different eye views helps us to judge how far away an object is. People who have only one eye cannot judge distance as people with two eyes.
When things far away seem indistinct， one is probably______.A.astigmatic
B.far-sighted
C.suffering from cataracts
D.near-sighted
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共用题干
Schooling and EducationIt is commonly believed in the United States that school is where people go to get an education. Nevertheless,it has been said that today children interrupt their education to go to school.The distinction between schooling and education implied by this remark is important.Education is much more open-ended and all-inclusive than schooling. Education knows no bounds. It can take place anywhere,whether in the shower or in the job,whether in a kitchen or on a tractor. It includes both the formal learning that takes place in schools and the whole universe of informal learning.The agents of education can range from a revered grandparent to the people debating politics on the radio,from a child to a distinguished scientist.Whereas schooling has a certain predictability,education quite often produces surprises.A chance conversation with a stranger may lead a person to discover how little is known of other religions.People are engaged in education from infancy on.Education,then,is a very broad,inclusive term. It is a lifelong process,a process that starts long before the start of school,and one that should be an integral part of one's entire life.Schooling,on the other hand,is a specific,formalized process,whose general pattern varies little from one setting to the next.Throughout a country,children arrive at school at approximately the same time,take assigned seats,are taught by an adult,use similar textbooks,do homework,take exams,and so on.The slices of reality that are to be learned,whether they are the alphabet or an understanding of the workings of government,have usually been limited by the boundaries of the subject being taught. For example,high school students know that they are not likely to find out in their classes the truth about political problems in their communities or what the newest filmmakers are experimenting with. There are definite conditions surrounding the formalized process of schooling.There is no difference between schooling and education in the United States.A:Right B:WrongC:Not mentioned
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共用题干
Searching for Smiles1 Ask most people anywhere in the world what they want out of life and the reply will probably be:"to be happy."Ed Deiner,an American psychology professor,has spent his whole professional life studying what makes people happy,comparing levels of happiness between cultures and trying to find out exactly why we enjoy ourselves.2 Many people would say that this question does not need an answer.But Professor Deinerhas one anyway."If you're a cheerful,happy person,your marriage is more likely to last,and you're more likely to make money and be successful at your job.On average,happy people have stronger immune（免疫的）systems, and there is some evidence that they live longer."3 So who are the world's happiest people?It depends on how the word is defined.There is individual happiness,the sense of joy we get when we do something we like.But there isalso the feeling of satisfaction we get when we know that others respect us and approve of how we behave.According to Professor Deiner,the Western world pursues individual happiness while Asia prefers mutual satisfaction.4 "In the West, the individualistic（个人主义的）culture means that your mood matters much more than it does in the East.People ask themselves,what can I do that's fun orinteresting?They become unhappy when they can't do any of these things.If you ask people from Japan or China if they are happy,they tend to look at what has gone wrong in their lives.If not much has gone wrong,then they are satisfied."5 People from Spain and other Spanish-speaking countries had the happiest culture,Professor Deiner found."The biggest cultural difference is to do with pride and shame.Hispanic（西班牙语言的）cultures report much more pride and much less shame than others."6 Income also made a big difference to people's happiness,but only at the lowest levels.Average income earners in the US were much happier than people in poverty.But millionaires were only a little bit happier than people on average incomes.It seems that money makes us happy when we have enough to feel secure.7 But can we be too happy? "You get people who are actually happy,but they think happiness is so important that they try to be even happier.This desire to be always happy isa product of individualism,where the emphasis is on you individually,your emotions and feeling good.People can end up feeling unhappy because ordinary happiness is not good enough for them."Once we have got enough to feel safe,money does not make________difference to our happiness.A:a questionB:ordinary happinessC:individualismD:cultural differencesE:muchF:illnesses
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In many societies of the world， we find a large number of people who speak more than one language. As a characteristic of societies， b（） inevitably results from the coming into contact of people with different cultures and different languages.
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The United Kingdom is located in （）.A、northern EuropeB、western EuropeC、northwestern EuropeD、southeastern Europe
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问答题Culture is a bridge that connects people’s heart and emotions, a bond that enhances mutual understanding and trust between two states. Cultural exchange has a longer history than political exchange, a more profound impact than economic exchange. As time goes by, things begin to change. Many prominent figures and events will fade into history, but culture lives on. It gets ever stronger and vital with the passage of time, and has an enduring influence on the way we think and live. Different geographies have nurtured a variety of cultures, each with unique feature and attributes. They are like the shining stars in the sky, adding radiance to each other and illuminating the vast universe.
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问答题◆Topic 6: Is International Tourism an Effective Bridge of Different Nations? Questions for Reference: 1. Why do you think people like to take an international tourism? 2. What kind of situation are the travelers most likely to be faced with when they get on an international tourism? 3. The international tourism does not promote understanding between people from different cultures. Do you agree?
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单选题According to the passage, a major difference between the colonization policy of the United States and that of Mexico in Texas in the 1800’s was the _____.A
degree to which policies were based on traditionB
form of economic interdependency between different cultural groupsC
treatment of the native inhabitantsD
relationship between the military and the settlers
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问答题Directions: Read the following texts from which five sentences have been removed. Choose from the sentences A—G the most suitable one to fill each numbered gap in the text (1—5). There are TWO extra sentences that you do not need to use. Mark your answers on your ANSWER SHEET. Practice 1 1 ______ For this reason, there is a current boom in language learning for business people. But unless they can speak a foreign language really well, it is best to save it for socializing. 2 ______ And psychologists say that your body language is much more important than what you say. Doing the wrong thing, making eye contact, touching, using people’s first names, even how you eat and drink—can all be hazardous for people who are unfamiliar with certain cultures. 3 ______ In low context cultures such as North America, Britain, Sweden and Germany, people say things very plainly, and rely on clear verbal communication. High context cultures such as France, Japan, Spain, Saudi Arabia, China and South Korea often use silence or hand signals to communicate, and this can sometimes be as important as speaking. 4 ______ In Japan, people bow to each other. In England, people shake hands firmly, but not very often—while in places like Italy and France people shake hands all the time but not as firmly as the English. The Germans and the Danish nod their heads while they shake hands, as a mark of respect, while people in Mediterranean countries sometimes lean their heads backwards while doing the same thing. 5 ______ For example, the British kiss each other once, on the right cheek, the French kiss each other twice, first on the left cheek and then on the right, but in some cultures, especially in the Middle East, they kiss up to four times and still shake hands![A] But actions speak louder than words.[B] Trying to make people from other cultures feel comfortable can be confusing as well.[C] One of the most important aspects of doing business internationally is being able to speak other languages.[D] Some cultures communicate by using signals.[E] Cultures are divided into “low context” and “high context”.[F] Shaking hands is often the most common form of greeting people, but even this can create problems.[G] As a rule, though, close physical greetings such as kissing are not a good idea.
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问答题Cultural Attitudes towards Time According to anthropologist Irving Hallowell, there is no evidence that humans have an inborn sense of time. A person’s temporal concepts are probably determined largely by culture. One study showed that infants, after a few days of listening to speech around them, will move their heads and limbs in rhythm with the speech they hear. As children develop, they adapt more fully to their temporal culture. This temporal culture influences language, music, poetry and dance. It also affects relationships. We tend to get along well with people who share our sense of time. One particular cultural attitude towards time is found in polychronic cultures. Some Mediterranean and southwest Asian Cultures are usually placed in this category. Such cultures emphasise relationships among people, flexible timing of appointments, and the careful completion of processes rather than strict schedules. Polychronic people seldom feel that time is being wasted. They tend to consider each activity valuable on its own, not just as part of a larger process. Polychronic people tend to have many projects going on at the same time, and they may shift frequently from one task to another. They change plans often. For polychronic people, work time is not clearly separable from personal time, so business meetings are considered a form of socialising. Monochronic cultures, on the other hand, are oriented towards tasks and schedules. Cultures usually considered monochromic can be found in northern Europe, North America, and some parts of eastern Asia. Monochronic people feel that time is tangible and inflexible and that “time is money.” They do one thing at a time and concentrate on each thing. Time and job commitments are very important to them and they tend to follow plans rigidly. Also, monochromic people clearly separate their work and personal time, and they place a high value on privacy. As you might expect, people from polychronic and monochromic cultures often misunderstand each other because of their different senses of time. For example, because a monochromic culture is highly compartmentalized, monochromic people tend to sequence conversations as well as tasks. They would not, for instance, interrupt a phone call in order to greet another person who just came into the room In contrast, polychronic people are comfortable with having multiple conversations at the same time. They would consider it rude not to greet someone who entered during a phone conversation. Complete the summary below by choosing for each blank no more than three words from the passage. Cultures may have either a 1 or a monochromic conception of time. Cultures with a polychromic view of time follow a 2 timetable. People from polychronic cultures tend to work on severa 3 at the same time. On the other hand, people in 4 perceive events and tasks as being more compartmentalized. In this culture, jobs and even conversations should follow a certain 5 Everything in these cultures seems inflexible, and has its own place and time.
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问答题Modern means of transportation, telecommunication and mass media have shortened the geographical distance of the world. The international community appears to be no more than a global village, in which people of different nations engage themselves in cultural exchange, while seeking common development in harmonious and respectful relationship. I think different cultures should learn from each other’s strengths to offset their own weaknesses. However, we also have to understand that cultural exchange is by no means a process of losing one’s own culture to a foreign one, but a process of enriching each other’s national cultures. Of course, the culture of a nation must withhold its own distinctive national characteristics in its extensive exchange with other cultures, and make contributions to the development of human civilization.
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填空题In many societies of the world， we find a large number of people who speak more than one language. As a characteristic of societies， b（） inevitably results from the coming into contact of people with different cultures and different languages.
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单选题How do some students categorize the people in Northern Europe?A
Fierce warriors, pillagers and traders.B
Invaders of Paris.C
Greedy psychopaths,D
Raiders of Baghdad.
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问答题What’s the difference of the character between city people and the countryside people?
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