ACCA考试报名时间已公布,报名前广东省考生要这么备考!
发布时间:2020-01-10
早在2019年年末的时候就公布了ACCA考试报名时间,备考的你知道吗?同时,很多小伙伴来咨询51题库考试学习网,想问问ACCA考试那么多科目应该怎么样有效地、科学地复习呢?不用担心,51题库考试学习网帮大家整理了一些考试小技巧,帮助大家事半功倍地通过考试,早日脱坑:
可能有些初次备考ACCA考试的萌新不了解报名时间,51题库考试学习网再次提醒大家2020年ACCA考试的报名时间:
2020年3月ACCA考试报名时间报名周期
提前报名截止 2019年11月11日
常规报名截止 2020年1月27日
后期报名截止 2020年2月3日
2020年6月ACCA考试报名时间报名周期
提前报名截止 2020年2月10日
常规报名截止 2020年4月27日
后期报名截止 2020年5月4日
2020年9月ACCA考试报名时间报名周期
提前报名截止 2020年5月11日
常规报名截止: 2020年7月27日
后期报名截止 2020年8月3日
2020年12月ACCA考试报名时间报名周期
提前报名截止 2020年8月10日
常规报名截止 2020年10月26日
后期报名截止 2020年11月2日
AB(F1)
AB(F1)这门课,首先要从题型出发来分析:目前AB(F1)的题型主要是46个单选题+6个多任务题;因此,从题型上来看就可以分析得知大部分内容其实不需要考生去原封不动地去死记硬背知识点,更多的是要求考生理解性记忆,比如它会教大家用一些模型去分析企业所处的内部以及外部环境,所以考生所学的的是它如何分析这个模型的这种方法,活学活用才能以不变应万变。同时,它还会教一些关于职业道德,企业社会责任的简单介绍。
说到AB(F1),就不得不说SBL课程,其实它们两者是有重复的地方的,就比如SBL课程会把这些AB(F1)课程中的知识点做深入并细化地讲解,就好比分析内外部环境之后企业将如何面对环境的变化、企业在专业层面上的战略,以及在公司治理,财务从业人员的职业道德等做了更深入且全面的介绍。总而言之,AB(F1)是基础,而SBL课程就是延伸。
但考生需要注意的事情就是:因为国家对ACCA考试规则做了限制,你是没有办法同时报考AB(F1)与SBL两个科目的,因为中间还隔着F4-F9 6门技能课程。所以你能做的就是打好基础。对于备考SBL,AB(F1)的知识点是大量的基础知识,所以要注意在考过AB(F1)之后依然需要巩固和记忆相关的知识点,不要把所学的知识点给遗忘了,如果到时候重新来复习的话,就太浪费时间了。
文字类考试对考生的记忆力的要求是极高的,不光要求考生要记忆从中的知识点并且是要熟练记忆。因此51题库考试学习网建议在选择考试科目时要避免选择同时备考多科需要高强度记忆的考试科目,例如F4《Corporate and Business law》以及F8《Audit and Assurance》,如果这些同时备考的话,会增加记忆难度,间接地导致学习效果的下降,最后导致考试成绩的不理想,所以不建议在同一考季中备考多个文字类考试。但是,51题库考试学习网推荐在相邻两个考季中参加考试(比如2020年6月份准备F4,那么2020年6月份就准备F8),因为文字类考试的内容或多或少是有重叠的部分的,区别仅仅在于侧重点不同,识记内容有重叠部分;就比如F8学得很扎实的小伙伴对于后面的学习SBL或者选修高级审计与鉴证《Advanced Audit and Assurance(AAA)》是赢在了起跑线上的,优势是十分巨大的。这就是为什么有一些考神能一次性通过ACCA考试的原因:合理地、科学地、有目的性地、高效地去学习,巧用复习方法能让你的学习效果事半功倍。
F2《Management Accounting》、F5业绩管理《Performance Management》和F9选修高级业绩管理《Advanced Performance Management》
同理,对于F2《Management Accounting》、F5业绩管理《Performance Management》和F9选修高级业绩管理《Advanced Performance Management》。F2课程内容是F5和选修高级业绩管理的基础,三科课程内容都涉及管理会计与财务会计的区别,涵盖:管理会计,管理信息,成本会计,预算和标准成本,业绩衡量,短期决策方法。同样,差别也仅仅是在于侧重点以及研究深度和广度的不同而已。因此,51题库考试学习网建议学习能力强一点的考生将F2和F5考虑同时学习,而学习能力偏弱的考试就先学F2再学F5;在选择报考科目的时间上,建议将F2、F5以及选修高级业绩管理这三科在相邻考季中备考,因为F2中的variance,在F5中体现更加灵活、更加具体。先学F2,再看F5,F2比较简单,很多常识的知识,为F5打好基础,也加深对F2的理解。在这些学科中,ACCAer们将会学到:如何处理基本的成本信息,并能向管理层提供能用作预算和决策的信息。而与此同时,F9科目又是F5升级版,课程研究的更加具体化和形象化,但是RATIO部分是一样的,所以51题库考试学习网建议可以将F5和F9放在同一考季去考试。
F6和P6高级税务《Advanced Taxation》
如果你有选修学习P6高级税务《Advanced Taxation》的打算,可以建议把F6放在F阶段最后一门,在考完F6考试之后,就赶紧学习P6。因为,F6《Taxation》是P6《Advanced Taxation》的直接基础。这门课程涵盖:英国税收体制,个人所得税,企业所得税,资本利得税,增值税,遗产税这五大税种应交税额的计算以及基于个人收入缴纳的国民保险和养老金投资的计算。F6考试中以税负计算为主,而P6更偏向在熟悉税法规定后,帮客户做合理纳税筹划。为什么不将F6和P6在同一考季报考呢?也是由于国家的相关规定,禁止在同一考季报考的,因此在考完F6考试之后,就赶紧学习P6。可以安排在同一年度相邻考季考这两门是最好的,因为两个科目中的相关知识点,例如:税率不变也不用重新记;科目类别要选择一致的,例如F6选择了UK ,P6也就选择UK,但是这样选择存在一个弊端就是,由于在中国P6这门课程学习的人不多,学习资料与课程也很少,如果将F6和P6放在两个相邻,备考时间相对较紧凑,对于资料不好找的科目可能复习到的知识点可能存在不太全面的问题。因此,同学们应根据自身需求谨慎选择。
P2和F7
P2在2018年9月改革为新科目SBR(Strategic Business Reporting)。课程涵盖是十分广泛的,例如:财务会计,财务报表,公司合并报表,分析并解读财务报表。P2的核心就是:让你如何运用合理地会计准则和概念框架编制财务报表同时又能够分析并解读财务报表。不难发现的是:P2有一大部分是重复F7的内容,但是由于ACCA考试规则规定了必须F阶段考试全部通过完毕之后才能报考P阶段,所以51题库考试学习网建议考生在考完F阶段考试之后,可以在下一次考试先考P2,将F7的知识点灵活运用。
如果想要学习4选2的P4的话,可以再F9考完之后学习P4,P4《Advanced Financial Management》是F9《Financial Management》的延伸考查,与SBR也有一定的联系。
课程涵盖:高级投资评估,公司并购、重组,高级风险管理,跨国公司面临的经济环境,您将会学到作为一名高级财务人员进行与财务管理相关决策必备的知识、技巧和进行职业判断的能力。
F8《Audit Assurance》是P7《Advanced Audit Assurance》的直接基础,与F3,F7,SBL等课程都有一定的关系。
F8课程中涵盖:内部审计和外部审计以及设计建立及实施内控程序,重点学习审计师如何了解企业情况,对审计风险进行评估,制定审计计划,在国际审计准则下如何进行设计,建立并实施审计程序,以及各种审计报告和审计意见。
P7是F8的延伸,与p2也有一定的联系。从三个科目之间存在的共同点可以看出:F7和P2主要学习如何编制财务报表,F8和P7学习如何审计财务报表。
P7课程涵盖:监管环境与制度,职业道德,实务管理,历史财务信息的审计与报告,其它与审计相关的认证业务。
在这里要提醒各位小伙伴们,ACCA在P阶段从P4到P7是选修科目,学员们只要选择学习两门并通过考试就可以了。但这4门选修科目却基本通向不同的工作领域。
P4《Advanced Financial Management》更偏向金融方面,想去投行券商的小伙伴们可以考虑选择P4
P5《Advanced Performance Management》偏向财务管理方向,如果对分析公司财务状况以及咨询岗位感兴趣的小伙伴可以选择P5
P6《Advanced Taxation》及P7《Advanced Audit Assurance》可以让各位学员们对税法以及审计准则的知识熟练掌握,对于想在事务所工作的小伙伴们是不错的选择。
鲤鱼不跃,岂可成龙?大鹏驻足,焉能腾空?十年磨刀霍霍,只为今朝一搏。最后51题库考试学习网祝大家都能顺利通过ACCA,取得好成绩!
下面小编为大家准备了 ACCA考试 的相关考题,供大家学习参考。
One of your audit clients is Tye Co a company providing petrol, aviation fuel and similar oil based products to the government of the country it is based in. Although the company is not listed on any stock exchange, it does follow best practice regarding corporate governance regulations. The audit work for this year is complete, apart from the matter referred to below.
As part of Tye Co’s service contract with the government, it is required to hold an emergency inventory reserve of 6,000 barrels of aviation fuel. The inventory is to be used if the supply of aviation fuel is interrupted due to unforeseen events such as natural disaster or terrorist activity.
This fuel has in the past been valued at its cost price of $15 a barrel. The current value of aviation fuel is $120 a barrel. Although the audit work is complete, as noted above, the directors of Tye Co have now decided to show the ‘real’ value of this closing inventory in the financial statements by valuing closing inventory of fuel at market value, which does not comply with relevant accounting standards. The draft financial statements of Tye Co currently show a profit of approximately $500,000 with net assets of $170 million.
Required:
(a) List the audit procedures and actions that you should now take in respect of the above matter. (6 marks)
(b) For the purposes of this section assume from part (a) that the directors have agreed to value inventory at
$15/barrel.
Having investigated the matter in part (a) above, the directors present you with an amended set of financial
statements showing the emergency reserve stated not at 6,000 barrels, but reported as 60,000 barrels. The final financial statements now show a profit following the inclusion of another 54,000 barrels of oil in inventory. When queried about the change from 6,000 to 60,000 barrels of inventory, the finance director stated that this change was made to meet expected amendments to emergency reserve requirements to be published in about six months time. The inventory will be purchased this year, and no liability will be shown in the financial statements for this future purchase. The finance director also pointed out that part of Tye Co’s contract with the government requires Tye Co to disclose an annual profit and that a review of bank loans is due in three months. Finally the finance director stated that if your audit firm qualifies the financial statements in respect of the increase in inventory, they will not be recommended for re-appointment at the annual general meeting. The finance director refuses to amend the financial statements to remove this ‘fictitious’ inventory.
Required:
(i) State the external auditor’s responsibilities regarding the detection of fraud; (4 marks)
(ii) Discuss to which groups the auditors of Tye Co could report the ‘fictitious’ aviation fuel inventory;
(6 marks)
(iii) Discuss the safeguards that the auditors of Tye Co can use in an attempt to overcome the intimidation
threat from the directors of Tye Co. (4 marks)
(a)Valuationofaviationinventory–ReviewGAAPtoensurethattherearenoexceptionsforaviationfuelorinventoryheldforemergencypurposeswhichwouldsuggestamarketvaluationshouldbeused.–Calculatethedifferenceinvaluation.Theerrorininventoryvaluationis$105*6,000barrelsor$630k,whichisamaterialamountcomparedtoprofit.–Reviewprioryearworkingpaperstodeterminewhetherasimilarsituationoccurredlastyearandascertaintheoutcomeatthatstage.–Discussthematterwiththedirectorstoobtainreasonswhytheybelievethatmarketvalueshouldbeusedfortheinventorythisyear.–Warnthedirectorsthatinyouropinion,aviationfuelshouldbevaluedatthelowerofcostornetrealisablevalue(thatis$15/barrel)andthatusingmarketvaluewillresultinamodificationtotheauditreport.–Ifthedirectorsnowamendthefinancialstatementstoshowinventoryvaluedatcost,thenconsidermentioningtheissueintheweaknessletteranddonotmodifytheauditreportinrespectofthismatter.–Ifthedirectorswillnotamendthefinancialstatements,quantifytheeffectofthedisagreementinthevaluationmethod–thesumof$630,000ismaterialtothefinancialstatementsasTyeCo’sincomestatementfigureisdecreasedfromasmalllosstoalossof$130,000althoughnetassetsdecreasebyonlyabout0·3%.–ObtainamanagementrepresentationletterfromthedirectorsofTyeCoconfirmingthatmarketvalueistobeusedfortheemergencyinventoryofaviationfuel.–Ifthedirectorswillnotamendthefinancialstatements,drafttherelevantsectionsoftheauditreport,showingaqualificationonthegroundsofdisagreementwiththeaccountingpolicyforvaluationofinventory.(b)(i)ExternalauditorresponsibilitiesregardingdetectionoffraudOverallresponsibilityofauditorTheexternalauditorisprimarilyresponsiblefortheauditopiniononthefinancialstatementsfollowingtheinternationalauditingstandards(ISAs).ISA240(Redrafted)TheAuditor’sResponsibilitiesRelatingtoFraudinanAuditofFinancialStatementsisrelevanttoauditworkregardingfraud.Themainfocusofauditworkisthereforetoensurethatthefinancialstatementsshowatrueandfairview.Thedetectionoffraudisthereforenotthemainfocusoftheexternalauditor’swork.Anauditorisresponsibleforobtainingreasonableassurancethatthefinancialstatementsasawholearefreefrommaterialmisstatement,whethercausedbyfraudorerror.Theauditorisresponsibleformaintaininganattitudeofprofessionalscepticismthroughouttheaudit,consideringthepotentialformanagementoverrideofcontrolsandrecognisingthefactthatauditproceduresthatareeffectivefordetectingerrormaynotbeeffectivefordetectingfraud.MaterialityISA240statesthattheauditorshouldreduceauditrisktoanacceptablylowlevel.Therefore,inreachingtheauditopinionandperformingauditwork,theexternalauditortakesintoaccounttheconceptofmateriality.Inotherwords,theexternalauditorisnotresponsibleforcheckingallthetransactions.Auditproceduresareplannedtohaveareasonablelikelihoodofidentifyingmaterialfraud.DiscussionamongtheauditteamAdiscussionisrequiredamongtheengagementteamplacingparticularemphasisonhowandwheretheentity’sfinancialstatementsmaybesusceptibletomaterialmisstatementduetofaud,includinghowfraudmightoccur.IdentificationoffraudInsituationswheretheexternalauditordoesdetectfraud,thentheauditorwillneedtoconsidertheimplicationsfortheentireaudit.Inotherwords,theexternalauditorhasaresponsibilitytoextendtestingintootherareasbecausetheriskofprovidinganincorrectauditopinionwillhaveincreased.(ii)GroupstoreportfraudtoReporttoauditcommitteeDisclosethesituationtotheauditcommitteeastheyarechargedwithmaintainingahighstandardofgovernanceinthecompany.Thecommitteeshouldbeabletodiscussthesituationwiththedirectorsandrecommendthattheytakeappropriateactione.g.amendthefinancialstatements.ReporttogovernmentAsTyeCoisactingunderagovernmentcontract,andtheover-statementofinventorywillmeanTyeCobreachesthatcontract(thereportedprofitbecomingaloss),thentheauditormayhavetoreportthesituationdirectlytothegovernment.TheauditorofTyeConeedstoreviewthecontracttoconfirmthereportingrequiredunderthatcontract.ReporttomembersIfthefinancialstatementsdonotshowatrueandfairviewthentheauditorneedstoreportthisfacttothemembersofTyeCo.Theauditreportwillbequalifiedwithanexceptfororadverseopinion(dependingonmateriality)andinformationconcerningthereasonforthedisagreementgiven.Inthiscasetheauditorislikelytostatefactuallytheproblemofinventoryquantitiesbeingincorrect,ratherthanstatingorimplyingthatthedirectorsareinvolvedinfraud.ReporttoprofessionalbodyIftheauditorisuncertainastothecorrectcourseofaction,advicemaybeobtainedfromtheauditor’sprofessionalbody.Dependingontheadvicereceived,theauditormaysimplyreporttothemembersintheauditreport,althoughresignationandtheconveningofageneralmeetingisanotherreportingoption.(iii)Intimidationthreat–safeguardsInresponsetotheimpliedthreatofdismissaliftheauditreportismodifiedregardingthepotentialfraud/error,thefollowingsafeguardsareavailabletotheauditor.DiscusswithauditcommitteeThesituationcanbediscussedwiththeauditcommittee.Astheauditcommitteeshouldcomprisenon-executivedirectors,theywillbeabletodiscussthesituationwiththefinancedirectorandpointoutclearlytheauditor’sopinion.Theycanalsoremindthedirectorsasawholethattheappointmentoftheauditorrestswiththemembersontherecommendationoftheauditcommittee.Iftherecommendationoftheauditcommitteeisrejectedbytheboard,goodcorporategovernancerequiresdisclosureofthereasonforrejection.ObtainsecondpartnerreviewTheengagementpartnercanaskasecondpartnertoreviewtheworkingpapersandotherevidencerelatingtotheissueofpossiblefraud.Whilethisactiondoesnotresolvetheissue,itdoesprovideadditionalassurancethatthefindingsandactionsoftheengagementpartnerarevalid.ResignationIfthematterisserious,thentheauditorcanconsiderresignationratherthannotbeingre-appointed.Resignationhastheadditionalsafeguardthattheauditorcannormallyrequirethedirectorstoconveneageneralmeetingtoconsiderthecircumstancesoftheresignation.
2 Your audit client, Prescott Co, is a national hotel group with substantial cash resources. Its accounting functions are
well managed and the group accounting policies are rigorously applied. The company’s financial year end is
31 December.
Prescott has been seeking to acquire a construction company for some time in order to bring in-house the building
and refurbishment of hotels and related leisure facilities (e.g. swimming pools, squash courts and restaurants).
Prescott’s management has recently identified Robson Construction Co as a potential target and has urgently requested
that you undertake a limited due diligence review lasting two days next week.
Further to their preliminary talks with Robson’s management, Prescott has provided you with the following brief on
Robson Construction Co:
The chief executive, managing director and finance director are all family members and major shareholders. The
company name has an established reputation for quality constructions.
Due to a recession in the building trade the company has been operating at its overdraft limit for the last 18
months and has been close to breaching debt covenants on several occasions.
Robson’s accounting policies are generally less prudent than those of Prescott (e.g. assets are depreciated over
longer estimated useful lives).
Contract revenue is recognised on the percentage of completion method, measured by reference to costs incurred
to date. Provisions are made for loss-making contracts.
The company’s management team includes a qualified and experienced quantity surveyor. His main
responsibilities include:
(1) supervising quarterly physical counts at major construction sites;
(2) comparing costs to date against quarterly rolling budgets; and
(3) determining profits and losses by contract at each financial year end.
Although much of the labour is provided under subcontracts all construction work is supervised by full-time site
managers.
In August 2005, Robson received a claim that a site on which it built a housing development in 2002 was not
properly drained and is now subsiding. Residents are demanding rectification and claiming damages. Robson
has referred the matter to its lawyers and denied all liability, as the site preparation was subcontracted to Sarwar
Services Co. No provisions have been made in respect of the claims, nor has any disclosure been made.
The auditor’s report on Robson’s financial statements for the year to 30 June 2005 was signed, without
modification, in March 2006.
Required:
(a) Identify and explain the specific matters to be clarified in the terms of engagement for this due diligence
review of Robson Construction Co. (6 marks)
2 PRESCOTT CO
(a) Terms of engagement – matters to be clarified
Tutorial note: This one-off assignment requires a separate letter of engagement. Note that, at this level, a standard list of
contents will earn few, if any, marks. Any ‘ideas list’ must be tailored to generate answer points specific to the due diligence
review of this target company.
■ Objective of the review: for example, to find and report facts relevant to Prescott’s decision whether to acquire Robson.
The terms should confirm whether Prescott’s interest is in acquiring the company (i.e. the share capital) or its trading
assets (say), as this will affect the nature and scope of the review.
Tutorial note: This is implied as Prescott ‘has been seeking to acquire ... to bring building … in-house’.
■ Prescott’s management will be solely responsible for any decision made (e.g. any offer price made to purchase Robson).
■ The nature and scope of the review and any standards/guidelines in accordance with which it will be conducted. That
investigation will consist of enquiry (e.g. of the directors and the quantity surveyor) and analytical procedures (e.g. on
budgeted information and prior period financial statements).
Tutorial note: This is not going to be a review of financial statements. The prior year financial statements have only
recently been audited and financial statements for the year end 30 June 2006 will not be available in time for the
review.
■ The level of assurance will be ‘negative’. That is, that the material subject to review is free of material misstatement. It
should be stated that an audit is not being performed and that an audit opinion will not be expressed.
■ The timeframe. for conducting the investigation (two days next week) and the deadline for reporting the findings.
■ The records, documentation and other information to which access will be unrestricted. This will be the subject of
agreement between Prescott and Robson.
■ A responsibility/liability disclaimer that the engagement cannot be relied upon to disclose errors, illegal acts or other
irregularities (e.g. fraudulent financial reporting or misappropriations of Robson’s assets).
Tutorial note: Third party reliance on the report seems unlikely as Prescott has ‘substantial cash resources’ and may not
need to obtain loan finance.
(b) Discuss how management’s judgement and the financial reporting infrastructure of a country can have a
significant impact on financial statements prepared under IFRS. (6 marks)
Appropriateness and quality of discussion. (2 marks)
(b) Management judgement may have a greater impact under IFRS than generally was the case under national GAAP. IFRS
utilises fair values extensively. Management have to use their judgement in selecting valuation methods and formulating
assumptions when dealing with such areas as onerous contracts, share-based payments, pensions, intangible assets acquired
in business combinations and impairment of assets. Differences in methods or assumptions can have a major impact on
amounts recognised in financial statements. IAS1 expects companies to disclose the sensitivity of carrying amounts to the
methods, assumptions and estimates underpinning their calculation where there is a significant risk of material adjustment
to their carrying amounts within the next financial year. Often management’s judgement is that there is no ‘significant risk’
and they often fail to disclose the degree of estimation or uncertainty and thus comparability is affected.
In addition to the IFRSs themselves, a sound financial reporting infrastructure is required. This implies effective corporate
governance practices, high quality auditing standards and practices, and an effective enforcement or oversight mechanism.
Therefore, consistency and comparability of IFRS financial statements will also depend on the robust nature of the other
elements of the financial reporting infrastructure.
Many preparers of financial statements will have been trained in national GAAP and may not have been trained in the
principles underlying IFRS and this can lead to unintended inconsistencies when implementing IFRS especially where the
accounting profession does not have a CPD requirement. Additionally where the regulatory system of a country is not well
developed, there may not be sufficient market information to utilise fair value measurements and thus this could lead to
hypothetical markets being created or the use of mathematical modelling which again can lead to inconsistencies because of
lack of experience in those countries of utilising these techniques. This problem applies to other assessments or estimates
relating to such things as actuarial valuations, investment property valuations, impairment testing, etc.
The transition to IFRS can bring significant improvement to the quality of financial performance and improve comparability
worldwide. However, there are issues still remaining which can lead to inconsistency and lack of comparability with those
financial statements.
(c) In November 2006 Seymour announced the recall and discontinuation of a range of petcare products. The
product recall was prompted by the high level of customer returns due to claims of poor quality. For the year to
30 September 2006, the product range represented $8·9 million of consolidated revenue (2005 – $9·6 million)
and $1·3 million loss before tax (2005 – $0·4 million profit before tax). The results of the ‘petcare’ operations
are disclosed separately on the face of the income statement. (6 marks)
Required:
For each of the above issues:
(i) comment on the matters that you should consider; and
(ii) state the audit evidence that you should expect to find,
in undertaking your review of the audit working papers and financial statements of Seymour Co for the year ended
30 September 2006.
NOTE: The mark allocation is shown against each of the three issues.
■ The discontinuation of the product line after the balance sheet date provides additional evidence that, as at the
balance sheet date, it was of poor quality. Therefore, as at the balance sheet date:
– an allowance (‘provision’) may be required for credit notes for returns of products after the year end that were
sold before the year end;
– goods returned to inventory should be written down to net realisable value (may be nil);
– any plant and equipment used exclusively in the production of the petcare range of products should be tested
for impairment;
– any material contingent liabilities arising from legal claims should be disclosed.
(ii) Audit evidence
■ A copy of Seymour’s announcement (external ‘press release’ and any internal memorandum).
■ Credit notes raised/refunds paid after the year end for faulty products returned.
■ Condition of products returned as inspected during physical attendance of inventory count.
■ Correspondence from customers claiming reimbursement/compensation for poor quality.
■ Direct confirmation from legal adviser (solicitor) regarding any claims for customers including estimates of possible
payouts.
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