【技巧心得 】口译笔译英汉翻译常犯错误（2）
发布时间：2020-10-17
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一个词变成一个句
著名翻译家奈达说，“翻译就是翻译意思”。言外之意，翻译一句话不能逐一翻译一串个别的单词，也不是翻译某种句子结构。初学翻译的人之所以译得不好，就是因为摆脱不了原文各个单词和句子结构的影响，总觉得英语中每一个词译成汉语都是一个词。殊不知，为了说明原文的意思，有时候要将一个词译成几个词，乃至一个短句。这就是翻译中对某些词的‘增益’。
例如，英语中有些单词相当于汉语的一个词组：read“看书”，drive“开车”，giggle“咯咯地笑”，stumble“蹒跚而行”，等等。这些相对而言还比较简单，一般英汉词典上都能查得到。
再如，英语句子中有大量的“副词+动词”的结构(副词也可能在动词之后)。在不少情况下这种结构可以译成汉语“副词+动词”的偏正结构(汉语中副词修饰动词时只能放在动词之前)，许多人往往用“……地”来译所有的英语副词，如：
(1)They were patiently listening to him. 他们在耐心地听他讲。
(2)He quickly stood up. 他很快地站起来。
(3)I will gladly join you in the work. 我会乐意地和你一起工作。
这三句中都用了“地”字结构，第一句还可以，后两句就显得有点“翻译腔”，“地”字似乎可以省去，可分别改译为：“他很快站起来”和“我乐意和你一起工作”。但是这三句中的副词和动词仍然译成了偏正结构，这是因为三句中的副词表示的是动作的方式。
但是，是不是英语中所有的这种结构都可以这么译呢?请大家考虑一下下面这一句应如何翻译：
This is a NATO matter and any comment on it
should appropriately come from NATO.
将appropriately come from NATO译成“合适地来自北约”显然不通。从意义上看，appropriately与其说是表示动作come的方式，还不如说是表示其结果，因此该词应抽出来放到后面，将此句译为：这是北约的问题，关于此问题的评论应由北约做出，这才是适宜的。
再请看下面这一句：
Law enforcement cannot responsibly stand
aloof.
如将此句照字面译成“司法部门不能负责任地冷漠”会让人不知所云。问题在responsibly这个词的处理上，它也不表明动作的方式而是表示一种结果，因此可将此句译为：
司法部门对此不闻不问，那就是失责。
例如：
1. In the late 14th century, Marco Polo
famously made his way along trade routes from Italy to China.
十四世纪后半叶，马可•波罗从意大利沿贸易通道来到中国，因而一举成名。
2. Their commander wisely judged to be safer
in their works than in the field.
他们的指挥官认为留在战场上不如呆在工事里更安全，这是很明智的。
在翻译副词修饰形容词或另一个副词的结构时，有时也不能一概译成“……地”结构，而需要将该副词抽出来加以增益，才能说明其含义，如：
3. Chimpanzees are the animals closest
biologically to humans.
从生物学角度看，大猩猩与人的关系最亲近。
4. Tami said it was possible, just
statistically unlikely.
泰米说有这样的可能，但是从统计的角度来看又不太可能。
5. The second child she dreamed of might now
be medically impossible.
她本来还想要一个孩子，从医学角度来看，现在是不可能了。
6. Only 18 percent are officially unemployed.
据官方统计，只有百分之十八的人是失业者。
7. Real-estate prices in downtown Manhattan
looked prohibitively expensive.
市中心曼哈顿的房地产价格贵得使人望而生畏。
8. She was remarkably silent when the others
all talked and laughed.
别人有说有笑时她却沉默不语，显得很突出。
9. It was a vast and treacherous landscape,
but breath-takingly beautiful.
这是一片广阔而变幻莫测的景致，但却美得令人惊讶。
10. A schoolmaster, finding such errors in a
schoolboy’s
essay, would be justly indignant.
小学老师在学生的作文里发现这样的错误一定会生气，而生气不是没有道理的。
11. Voters were understandably confused by
the identical Caser names on the ballot, and the split vote sent the real
candidate Caser down to defeat in the primary.
选举人被选票上一模一样卡瑟的名字弄糊涂，因而选票分散，导致真正的候选人在初选时就落选，这是可以理解的。
有时候，形容词做定语或表语时，也无法用一个词将其意思充分表达出来，翻译这个形容词时也需要进行增益，如：
12. The sleek turbines of the American
windmills made economic and ecological sense.
美国造了许多风力磨坊，这从经济和生态角度看是有道理的。
13. Now we stay a respectful distance him.
当然不能将a respectful distance译为“尊敬的距离”，应将这一句译成“我们对他敬而远之”。
14. He had a sound feeling that idioms were
the backbone of a language and he was all for the racy phrases.
他感到习语是语言的主要支柱，因此特别主张用生动的短语，他的想法是很有道理的。
15. The prisoners of war are allowed to write
censored letter.
战俘们可以写信，但信件要受到检查。
16. We should be very cautious when buying
expensive things and ask ourselves if we are making a wise purchase.
我们在买贵重的东西时一定要小心，问问自己买这样的东西是否明智。
又如：I wouldn’t have eaten it,
only I’m too ladylike to take it out of my mouth. 这一句中的ladylike很难用一个中文词来表达，其意思是“像个有教养的女人那样”。这一句不妨译成：“我本来不想吃，只是觉得再从嘴里拿出来不太雅观。”
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下面小编为大家准备了 口译笔译 的相关考题，供大家学习参考。
Gypsies are often treated with disapproval, lack of trust, and lack of understanding because their way of life is so different from the way most other British people live.
吉普赛人的生活方式和大部分英国人大不相同，所以人们对吉普赛人的态度总是不以为然，很不信任，而且对他们的生活缺乏了解。
没有人可以否认，几百万的私人小企业大大地推动了国家的经济。
No one can deny that millions of small private enterprises have fuelled the nation's economy.
Just a couple of days ago, climbers, backed by United Nations Environment Program (UNEP), returned from the Himalayas, where they gathered first-hand accounts from monks, local people and other travelers on the state of the environment of the world's most famous mountain range. They have recorded in words, in photographs, and on film, the dramatic impacts that global warming is having on glaciers, causing them to rapidly thaw, and build up melt waters in mountain lakes. As a result, these lakes could soon burst, sending millions of tons of water and rubble swirling down the valleys threatening life and limb. // The expedition has also looked at the impacts of tourism on the mountains, concluding that much of what is happening is environmentally damaging, and a burden on the people, wildlife and landscapes of these once pristine wilderness areas. //
Every year World Environment Day is an occasion to pause and reflect on the state of the environment. This year especially, faced with the findings of our climbers, in the International Year of the Mountains, I urge you to "Give Earth a Chance". I ask you to look at our daily impact on the planet and its peoples, and to take action to improve our environmental behavior. //
Although mountains have been revered since time began, such beliefs are no longer enough to preserve fragile mountain ecosystems, for the well-being of all. We face an immense challenge, the challenge of ensuring their stability and preservation for the generations to come. //
Mountains are our water-towers. Mountains are a major source of energy. Mountains feed those living on them. Mountain ecosystems are linked to life in the lowlands, to freshwater and to the seas. Mountains are islands of rich biological and cultural diversity, home to unique plants, animals, languages and traditions. //
Sustainable development is a must. We need to combine the environmental dimension with social activity and economic development. This must be our common target, especially in mountain regions. Without sustainable development we cannot solve the problems. It is not enough to simply say we have a conservation plan for nature, and natural resources. // We must give people a chance to live and survive in these regions, therefore we need jobs; we need a perspective for young people to remain there and not go to the big cities. Mountains are virtual treasure chests of untapped economic potential—vital to sustainable development. This was recognized by the Earth Summit in Rio. //
Mountains attract tourists, but tourism has to be well managed to minimize impact on sensitive mountain environments. Respect should be the byword of the tourists, and tour operators, that bring people into contact with local people and landscapes, //The respect includes paying local people a decent wage, sourcing local food and materials where possible, and observing local customs, beliefs and traditions. Tourists are guests in other peoples' ecosystems and should behave as such. Mountains as a resource HAVE to be valued, and some of that value has to benefit mountain dwellers. Earnings from tourism should be shared equitably between all stakeholders. //
Especially this year, the International Year of Ecotourism, every effort should be made to promote Ecotourism in mountains. For some communities and regions, sustainable tourism can be a first step towards sustainable development. Let us hope that all societies will come to revere mountains, and thus be motivated to invest in them, preserve this unique asset, and in turn reap benefit from it. //
On this World Environment Day let us all begin to act for the conservation not only of the mountains, but the sea, the land, water and the air too. Let us act to give the Earth a chance. An unpolluted pristine environment is vital to our survival, a precious resource, which will only endu
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