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There may also be other targets not yet explored that affect aging and neuromuscular function. Said Kornfeld: “The process of aging remains mysterious. ”
A. But Komfeld said scientists will not know about the applicability of the drugs in humans until a similar study is done on humans. “What’s very encouraging is that these drugs were developed to treat humans, and they are well understood, because they’ve been used for a long time, ” he said。
B. Later the scientists discovered that two related anticonvulsant drugs also lengthened the lives of the worms-in the case of one drug, by almost 50 percent. “This was a big surprise to use, Komfeld said. ”“We didn’t think anticonvulsant drugs had any particular relationship to aging. That connection was completely unexpected. ”
C. Roundworms are a poor subject for experiments, because they are not like humans, even though their molecules are similar. For example, they have no bones, nor do they show emotions, making it difficult to know how exactly human subjects would react to these drugs in large quantities. However, using the worms allows experiments to be conducted quickly, because they do not live for long。
D. “Somehow the neural activity seems to regulate the aging of all of the body the skin, musculature, and reproductive tract, ” Kornfeld said. “Somehow the nervous system coordinates the progress of all these tissues, evidently, though the life stages. But we don’t know how it does that. ”
E. The discovery may also shed light on the little-understood aging process. Since the drugs act on the neuromuscular systems of both humans and worms, the findings hint at a link between neural activity and aging。
F. Unlike vertebrates, the worms are ideal subjects for the study of aging because of their short life spans, which last only a couple of weeks in a laboratory. The worm is well known in genetics, and the worm’s genome has been sequenced。
G. Use of this drug has been permitted by law since 1998 and wider use is now expected as a result of the studies. “We can clearly link this drug with human aging, but we still need to find proof, says Kornfeld optimistically. ”
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更多 “ There may also be other targets not yet explored that affect aging and neuromuscular function. Said Kornfeld: “The process of aging remains mysterious. ”A. But Komfeld said scientists will not know about the applicability of the drugs in humans until a similar study is done on humans. “What’s very encouraging is that these drugs were developed to treat humans, and they are well understood, because they’ve been used for a long time, ” he said。B. Later the scientists discovered that two related anticonvulsant drugs also lengthened the lives of the worms-in the case of one drug, by almost 50 percent. “This was a big surprise to use, Komfeld said. ”“We didn’t think anticonvulsant drugs had any particular relationship to aging. That connection was completely unexpected. ”C. Roundworms are a poor subject for experiments, because they are not like humans, even though their molecules are similar. For example, they have no bones, nor do they show emotions, making it difficult to know how exactly human subjects would react to these drugs in large quantities. However, using the worms allows experiments to be conducted quickly, because they do not live for long。D. “Somehow the neural activity seems to regulate the aging of all of the body the skin, musculature, and reproductive tract, ” Kornfeld said. “Somehow the nervous system coordinates the progress of all these tissues, evidently, though the life stages. But we don’t know how it does that. ”E. The discovery may also shed light on the little-understood aging process. Since the drugs act on the neuromuscular systems of both humans and worms, the findings hint at a link between neural activity and aging。F. Unlike vertebrates, the worms are ideal subjects for the study of aging because of their short life spans, which last only a couple of weeks in a laboratory. The worm is well known in genetics, and the worm’s genome has been sequenced。G. Use of this drug has been permitted by law since 1998 and wider use is now expected as a result of the studies. “We can clearly link this drug with human aging, but we still need to find proof, says Kornfeld optimistically. ” ” 相关考题
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We also use other forms of communication () we may be aware or unaware.
A、to whichB、of whichC、whichD、that
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AWeather has a great influence(影响) on people．It influences people's health, intelligence (智力) and feelings．In August, it is very hot and wet in the southern part of the United States．People there have heart disease and other kinds of health problems during this month． In the Northeast and Middle West, it is very hot at some times and very cold at other times．People in these places may have heart disease after the weather changes in February or March．The weather can also influence intelligence． For example, in a 1982 study by scientists, the in scores of a group of students were very high during a storm, but after the storm their IQ scores were lower than usual level． So storms can increase intelligence．However, very hot weather can lower it． Students in the United States often do badly on exams in the hot months of the year．Weather also has a strong influence on people's feelings．Winter may be a bad time for thin people．They usually feel cold during these months and they may feel unhappy during cold weather． In hot summer weather, on the other hand, fat people may feel unhappy． The sum- mer heat may make them tired and they are easy to get angry．( )21．lf thin people feel unhappy, the weather may be very _________．A．warmB． coldC． coolD． hot
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In a civil case, one party may file an action; the other party may or may not()the claim.A.admitB.confessC.agree
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An effective participant will contribute to the discussion by also ffering other ideas that may need to be discussed.()
此题为判断题(对，错)。
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Navigation lights must be displayed in all weathers from sunset to sunrise. They also _____.A.must be displayed when day signals are being usedB.must be displayed when moored to a pierC.may be extingushed at night on open waters when no other vessels are in the areaD.may be displayed during daylight
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The ARPA may swap targets when automatically tracking if two targets ______.A.are tracked on reciprocal bearingsB.are tracked at the same rangeC.are tracked on the same bearingD.pass close together
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Improvement of people's ability to focus may______.A．affect their moodsB．distract their mindsC．reduce their boredomD．increase their depression
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Which of the following network topologies is MOST likely to affect other devices on the network if there is a problem with one of the devices? ()
A.MeshB.BusC.RingD.Star
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第二篇Love or Hate?We have saved as a final set of emotions to two most important emotions connected with other people:love and its opposite,hate.Love can be seen everywhere.Yet surprisingly,love has been the subject of less scientific research than other emotions,such as anger and fear. The reason for this may be two fold.Firstly,love is a very complex emotion,difficult to describe and measure. Secondly,unlike many radical emotions,radical love is generally not a problem. Thus less medical attention has been paid to it.What is love?This is a complex question and requires a complex answer. Love is a strong,positive attraction and feeling for another person or thing. But it is more than this.It also involves feeling of caring,protection,excitement,and tenderness.When two people are in love,they feel drawn to one another;they greatly enjoy each other's company;and they may be sexually attracted to one another.Sometimes it is easier to think in terms of different kinds of love:romantic love,brotherly love, and so forth.Though they are different in some respects,they share one important characteristic: a strong positive feeling toward another.Our feelings toward other people are often complex.We may love someone and,at the same time,be angry with him.Or we may love someone,even though we are jealous of him.We mighi even love someone and,at the same time,hate for some precise reason.Hate is a strong negative emotion toward someone,and is due to anger,jealousy,or some other factor. Like love,hate can be a very strong emotion.It can also be very dangerous.The question is often asked,"Is it bad to hate?"The best answer is probably" sometimes yes and sometimes no." Usually hate does not help us.It makes us feel unhappy and makes us do things that may hurt others.However,sometimes it may be necessary to hate and hurt someone in order to protect loved ones.Love is a lasting,strong,positive attraction and feeling for another person or thing,the very opposite emotion of which is__________.A:anger B:fearC:jealousy D:hate
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第二篇Love or Hate?We have saved as a final set of emotions to two most important emotions connected with other people:love and its opposite,hate.Love can be seen everywhere.Yet surprisingly,love has been the subject of less scientific research than other emotions,such as anger and fear. The reason for this may be two fold.Firstly,love is a very complex emotion,difficult to describe and measure. Secondly,unlike many radical emotions,radical love is generally not a problem. Thus less medical attention has been paid to it.What is love?This is a complex question and requires a complex answer. Love is a strong,positive attraction and feeling for another person or thing. But it is more than this.It also involves feeling of caring,protection,excitement,and tenderness.When two people are in love,they feel drawn to one another;they greatly enjoy each other's company;and they may be sexually attracted to one another.Sometimes it is easier to think in terms of different kinds of love:romantic love,brotherly love, and so forth.Though they are different in some respects,they share one important characteristic: a strong positive feeling toward another.Our feelings toward other people are often complex.We may love someone and,at the same time,be angry with him.Or we may love someone,even though we are jealous of him.We mighi even love someone and,at the same time,hate for some precise reason.Hate is a strong negative emotion toward someone,and is due to anger,jealousy,or some other factor. Like love,hate can be a very strong emotion.It can also be very dangerous.The question is often asked,"Is it bad to hate?"The best answer is probably" sometimes yes and sometimes no." Usually hate does not help us.It makes us feel unhappy and makes us do things that may hurt others.However,sometimes it may be necessary to hate and hurt someone in order to protect loved ones.According to the passage,hate is caused by___________.A:anger,jealousy or some other factorsB:anger,danger and hurtC:caring,protection,excitement and tendernessD:complex,strong positive emotion
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第二篇Love or Hate?We have saved as a final set of emotions to two most important emotions connected with other people:love and its opposite,hate.Love can be seen everywhere.Yet surprisingly,love has been the subject of less scientific research than other emotions,such as anger and fear. The reason for this may be two fold.Firstly,love is a very complex emotion,difficult to describe and measure. Secondly,unlike many radical emotions,radical love is generally not a problem. Thus less medical attention has been paid to it.What is love?This is a complex question and requires a complex answer. Love is a strong,positive attraction and feeling for another person or thing. But it is more than this.It also involves feeling of caring,protection,excitement,and tenderness.When two people are in love,they feel drawn to one another;they greatly enjoy each other's company;and they may be sexually attracted to one another.Sometimes it is easier to think in terms of different kinds of love:romantic love,brotherly love, and so forth.Though they are different in some respects,they share one important characteristic: a strong positive feeling toward another.Our feelings toward other people are often complex.We may love someone and,at the same time,be angry with him.Or we may love someone,even though we are jealous of him.We mighi even love someone and,at the same time,hate for some precise reason.Hate is a strong negative emotion toward someone,and is due to anger,jealousy,or some other factor. Like love,hate can be a very strong emotion.It can also be very dangerous.The question is often asked,"Is it bad to hate?"The best answer is probably" sometimes yes and sometimes no." Usually hate does not help us.It makes us feel unhappy and makes us do things that may hurt others.However,sometimes it may be necessary to hate and hurt someone in order to protect loved ones.The word"saved"in the first sentence of this passage means___________.A:left B:relaxedC:set free D:kept up
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资料：Because of the biochemical reactions in your body that occur with every type of food you eat on a daily bases, some foods age you faster than your real age, while other foods help to fight aging.
Three of the processes that go on inside your body that have a major impact on your rate of aging are called “glycation”, “inflammation” and “oxidation”.
When we talk about aging, we’re not just talking about wrinkles on your skin or how thick your hair is, we’re also talking about factors that you can’t see, such as how well your organs function, and whether your joints are degrading.
The passage is probably___.A.the preface of a book.
B.an excerpt from a paper on health
C.a book review
D.promotional materials for a book
考题
资料：Because of the biochemical reactions in your body that occur with every type of food you eat on a daily bases, some foods age you faster than your real age, while other foods help to fight aging.
Three of the processes that go on inside your body that have a major impact on your rate of aging are called “glycation”, “inflammation” and “oxidation”.
When we talk about aging, we’re not just talking about wrinkles on your skin or how thick your hair is, we’re also talking about factors that you can’t see, such as how well your organs function, and whether your joints are degrading.
What may make you feel 10 years older than your real age?A.eating food on a daily basis.
B.often eating the improper foods.
C.biochemical reactions in your body.
D.starting to eat the right foods.
考题
资料：Because of the biochemical reactions in your body that occur with every type of food you eat on a daily bases, some foods age you faster than your real age, while other foods help to fight aging.
Three of the processes that go on inside your body that have a major impact on your rate of aging are called “glycation”, “inflammation” and “oxidation”.
When we talk about aging, we’re not just talking about wrinkles on your skin or how thick your hair is, we’re also talking about factors that you can’t see, such as how well your organs function, and whether your joints are degrading.
According to the passage, aging is about all the following except--.A.the degrading joints
B.the thinning of your hair
C.the good condition of your organs
D.the wrinkles around your eyes
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第二篇High Stress May Damage MemoryAccording to a report issued in May 1998,elderly people who have consistently high blood levels of cortisol (皮质醇）don't score as well on memory tests as their peers with lower levels of the stress hormone. What's more,high levels of cortisol are also associated with shrinking of the hippocampus（海马区）,a region of the brain that plays a key role in learning and memory.The findings suggest that even cortisol levels in the normal,"healthy"range can actually accelerate brain aging.The study results"now provide substantial evidence that long-term exposure to adrenal(肾上腺的）stress hormones may promote hippocampal aging in normal elderly humans", write Nada Porter and Philip Landfield.Cortisol is a hormone released in response to stress by the adrenal glands（腺）,which sit on top of the kidneys(肾）.Over a 5-to 6-year period,Dr. Sonia Lupien and his colleagues measured 24-hour cortisol levels in 51 healthy volunteers,most of whom were in their 70s.The researchers tested the volunteers' memory on six people in the increasing/high category and five people in the decreasing/moderate group.The groups did not differ in tests of immediate memory,but the increasing/high cortisol group had other memory problems compared with those in the decreasing/moderate group.The researchers also found that the total volume of the hippocampus in those in the increasing/high group was 14% lower than those in the decreasing/moderate group, although there were no differences in other brain regions.The results suggest that“…brain aging can be accelerated by levels of adrenalhormones that are not generally regarded as pathological（病态的）and that variation within this normal range is related to variation in the rate of brain aging",write Porter and Landfield."This further suggests that chronic stress may accelerate the worsening of the hippocampus." When the levels of cortisol go high,the hippocampusA:may expand. B:may shrink.C:may disappear. D:may function better.
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第二篇High Stress May Damage MemoryAccording to a report issued in May 1998,elderly people who have consistently high blood levels of cortisol (皮质醇）don't score as well on memory tests as their peers with lower levels of the stress hormone. What's more,high levels of cortisol are also associated with shrinking of the hippocampus（海马区）,a region of the brain that plays a key role in learning and memory.The findings suggest that even cortisol levels in the normal,"healthy"range can actually accelerate brain aging.The study results"now provide substantial evidence that long-term exposure to adrenal(肾上腺的）stress hormones may promote hippocampal aging in normal elderly humans", write Nada Porter and Philip Landfield.Cortisol is a hormone released in response to stress by the adrenal glands（腺）,which sit on top of the kidneys(肾）.Over a 5-to 6-year period,Dr. Sonia Lupien and his colleagues measured 24-hour cortisol levels in 51 healthy volunteers,most of whom were in their 70s.The researchers tested the volunteers' memory on six people in the increasing/high category and five people in the decreasing/moderate group.The groups did not differ in tests of immediate memory,but the increasing/high cortisol group had other memory problems compared with those in the decreasing/moderate group.The researchers also found that the total volume of the hippocampus in those in the increasing/high group was 14% lower than those in the decreasing/moderate group, although there were no differences in other brain regions.The results suggest that“…brain aging can be accelerated by levels of adrenalhormones that are not generally regarded as pathological（病态的）and that variation within this normal range is related to variation in the rate of brain aging",write Porter and Landfield."This further suggests that chronic stress may accelerate the worsening of the hippocampus." According to the passage,when people are under stress,A:the adrenal glands will produce cortisol.B:the kidneys will shrink rapidly.C:the hippocampus will produce cortisol.D:the brain will work more efficiently.
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第二篇High Stress May Damage MemoryAccording to a report issued in May 1998,elderly people who have consistently high blood levels of cortisol (皮质醇）don't score as well on memory tests as their peers with lower levels of the stress hormone. What's more,high levels of cortisol are also associated with shrinking of the hippocampus（海马区）,a region of the brain that plays a key role in learning and memory.The findings suggest that even cortisol levels in the normal,"healthy"range can actually accelerate brain aging.The study results"now provide substantial evidence that long-term exposure to adrenal(肾上腺的）stress hormones may promote hippocampal aging in normal elderly humans", write Nada Porter and Philip Landfield.Cortisol is a hormone released in response to stress by the adrenal glands（腺）,which sit on top of the kidneys(肾）.Over a 5-to 6-year period,Dr. Sonia Lupien and his colleagues measured 24-hour cortisol levels in 51 healthy volunteers,most of whom were in their 70s.The researchers tested the volunteers' memory on six people in the increasing/high category and five people in the decreasing/moderate group.The groups did not differ in tests of immediate memory,but the increasing/high cortisol group had other memory problems compared with those in the decreasing/moderate group.The researchers also found that the total volume of the hippocampus in those in the increasing/high group was 14% lower than those in the decreasing/moderate group, although there were no differences in other brain regions.The results suggest that“…brain aging can be accelerated by levels of adrenalhormones that are not generally regarded as pathological（病态的）and that variation within this normal range is related to variation in the rate of brain aging",write Porter and Landfield."This further suggests that chronic stress may accelerate the worsening of the hippocampus." Which of the following plays a key role in one's learning and memory?A:The kidneys. B:The adrenal glands.C:The stress hormone. D:The hippocampus.
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第二篇High Stress May Damage MemoryAccording to a report issued in May 1998,elderly people who have consistently high blood levels of cortisol (皮质醇）don't score as well on memory tests as their peers with lower levels of the stress hormone. What's more,high levels of cortisol are also associated with shrinking of the hippocampus（海马区）,a region of the brain that plays a key role in learning and memory.The findings suggest that even cortisol levels in the normal,"healthy"range can actually accelerate brain aging.The study results"now provide substantial evidence that long-term exposure to adrenal(肾上腺的）stress hormones may promote hippocampal aging in normal elderly humans", write Nada Porter and Philip Landfield.Cortisol is a hormone released in response to stress by the adrenal glands（腺）,which sit on top of the kidneys(肾）.Over a 5-to 6-year period,Dr. Sonia Lupien and his colleagues measured 24-hour cortisol levels in 51 healthy volunteers,most of whom were in their 70s.The researchers tested the volunteers' memory on six people in the increasing/high category and five people in the decreasing/moderate group.The groups did not differ in tests of immediate memory,but the increasing/high cortisol group had other memory problems compared with those in the decreasing/moderate group.The researchers also found that the total volume of the hippocampus in those in the increasing/high group was 14% lower than those in the decreasing/moderate group, although there were no differences in other brain regions.The results suggest that“…brain aging can be accelerated by levels of adrenalhormones that are not generally regarded as pathological（病态的）and that variation within this normal range is related to variation in the rate of brain aging",write Porter and Landfield."This further suggests that chronic stress may accelerate the worsening of the hippocampus." The research conducted by Porter and Landfield shows thatA:the levels of adrenal hormones have nothing to do with brain aging.B:changes in the levels of adrenal hormones can affect brain aging.C:chronic stress may strengthen one's memory.D:the rate of brain aging always remains stable.
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第二篇High Stress May Damage MemoryAccording to a report issued in May 1998,elderly people who have consistently high blood levels of cortisol (皮质醇）don't score as well on memory tests as their peers with lower levels of the stress hormone. What's more,high levels of cortisol are also associated with shrinking of the hippocampus（海马区）,a region of the brain that plays a key role in learning and memory.The findings suggest that even cortisol levels in the normal,"healthy"range can actually accelerate brain aging.The study results"now provide substantial evidence that long-term exposure to adrenal(肾上腺的）stress hormones may promote hippocampal aging in normal elderly humans", write Nada Porter and Philip Landfield.Cortisol is a hormone released in response to stress by the adrenal glands（腺）,which sit on top of the kidneys(肾）.Over a 5-to 6-year period,Dr. Sonia Lupien and his colleagues measured 24-hour cortisol levels in 51 healthy volunteers,most of whom were in their 70s.The researchers tested the volunteers' memory on six people in the increasing/high category and five people in the decreasing/moderate group.The groups did not differ in tests of immediate memory,but the increasing/high cortisol group had other memory problems compared with those in the decreasing/moderate group.The researchers also found that the total volume of the hippocampus in those in the increasing/high group was 14% lower than those in the decreasing/moderate group, although there were no differences in other brain regions.The results suggest that“…brain aging can be accelerated by levels of adrenalhormones that are not generally regarded as pathological（病态的）and that variation within this normal range is related to variation in the rate of brain aging",write Porter and Landfield."This further suggests that chronic stress may accelerate the worsening of the hippocampus." It appears that when the hippocampus shrinks due to high levels of cortisol,other brain regionsA:may change dramatically. B:may stop functioning.C:may remain unaffected. D:may be seriously damaged,
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AgingThroughout history man has had to accept the fact that all living things must die,but people now live longer than they used to.Yet all living things still show the________(51)of aging,which will eventually________(52)death.Aging is not a disease,but as a person passes maturity,the cells of the body and the________ (53) do not function as well as they did in childhood and adolescence（青春期）.The body provides less________(54)against disease and is more likely________(55)have accident.A number of related causes may________(56)aging. Some cells of the body have a fairly long life,but they are not reborn when they die.As a person ages,________(57)of brain cells and muscle cells decreases.The other cells are replaced by new cells.In an aging person the________(58) cells and muscle cells may not be as viable（能生存的）or as capable________ ( 59 ) growth as those of a young person.Another________(60)in aging may be changes within the cells themselves.Some of the protein chemicals in cells are known________(61)with age and became less elastic.This is why the skin of old people wrinkles and________(62).This is also the reason old people________(63)in height. There may not be other more important chemical changes in the cells.Some complex cell chemicals, such as DNA and RNA,store and________(64)information that the cells need.Aging may affect this________(65)and change the information-carry molecules so that they do not transmit the information as well._________(51)A:function B:effectC:fact D:symbol
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AgingThroughout history man has had to accept the fact that all living things must die,but people now live longer than they used to.Yet all living things still show the________(51)of aging,which will eventually________(52)death.Aging is not a disease,but as a person passes maturity,the cells of the body and the________ (53) do not function as well as they did in childhood and adolescence（青春期）.The body provides less________(54)against disease and is more likely________(55)have accident.A number of related causes may________(56)aging. Some cells of the body have a fairly long life,but they are not reborn when they die.As a person ages,________(57)of brain cells and muscle cells decreases.The other cells are replaced by new cells.In an aging person the________(58) cells and muscle cells may not be as viable（能生存的）or as capable________ ( 59 ) growth as those of a young person.Another________(60)in aging may be changes within the cells themselves.Some of the protein chemicals in cells are known________(61)with age and became less elastic.This is why the skin of old people wrinkles and________(62).This is also the reason old people________(63)in height. There may not be other more important chemical changes in the cells.Some complex cell chemicals, such as DNA and RNA,store and________(64)information that the cells need.Aging may affect this________(65)and change the information-carry molecules so that they do not transmit the information as well._________(58)A:old B:remainingC:new D:other
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单选题（）is an equipment used to detect the presence of ships ,buoys,coast and many other targels and to obtain range and bearing of these targets.A
The marine sextantB
The chronometerC
The echo sounderD
The radar
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单选题We can infer(推断) ______.A
Donald may study hard at mathB
the teacher may criticize DonaldC
Tommy may share the prize with other students
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单选题Which of the following network topologies is MOST likely to affect other devices on the network if there is a problem with one of the devices? （）A
MeshB
BusC
RingD
Star
考题
单选题The ARPA may swap targets when automatically tracking if two targets（）A
are tracked on reciprocal bearingsB
are tracked at the same rangeC
are tracked on the same bearingD
pass closely to each other
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单选题During the watch at sea, where situations occur in the machine apace which may affect the speed maneuverability, power supply or other essentials for the safe operation of the ship（）should be informed as soon as possible.A
the chief engineerB
the masterC
the bridgeD
the company superintendent
考题
单选题The ARPA may swap targets when automatically tracking if two targets（）.A
are tracked on reciprocal bearingsB
are tracked at the same rangeC
are tracked on the same bearingD
pass close together
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