考试必备:国务院新闻办公室文件:中国核应急(双语2)
发布时间：2020-10-05
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I.Current Situation of Nuclear
EnergyDevelopment and Nuclear EmergencyPreparedness
一、核能发展与核应急基本形势
It was in the mid-1950s that China embarked
on itsnuclear industry. Over the past more than sixdecades China has made
constant endeavors in thepeaceful use of nuclear energy by promoting
theextensive application of nuclear technologies tosuch areas as industry,
agriculture, medicine, theenvironment and energy. In particular, since
theintroduction of the reform and opening-up policies in late 1978 China’s nuclear energy sectorhas
seen particularly rapid development.
20世纪50年代中期，中国创建核工业。60多年来，中国致力于和平利用核能事业，发展推动核技术在工业、农业、医学、环境、能源等领域广泛应用。特别是改革开放以来，中国核能事业得到更大发展。
The development of nuclear power constitutes
an important component of China’s nuclearenergy sector. Nuclear power is a clean, efficient and
quality modern energy source. Chinahas consistently adhered to the principle of
placing equal emphasis on development andsafety, and implemented the policy of
developing nuclear power in a safe and efficient mannerby adopting the most
advanced technology and most stringent standards. In March 1985construction started
on the Qinshan Nuclear Power Station, the first of its kind in the mainlandof
China. As of the end of October 2015, in the mainland of China 27 nuclear
generating unitshad been in operation, with a total installed capacity of 25.50
GWe, and another 25 nucleargenerating units with a total installed capacity of
27.51 GWe had been under construction.China has already developed its
large-sized advanced Pressurized Water Reactor (PWR) andHigh Temperature
Gas-cooled Reactor (HTGR) technologies with proprietary intellectualproperty
rights. Constructionof the HPR1000 technology pilot project has already
commenced.The China Experimental Fast Reactor (CEFR) has achieved full power
operation over 72 hours,signifying that China has already mastered the core
technology associated with fast reactors.
发展核电是中国核能事业的重要组成部分。核电是一种清洁、高效、优质的现代能源。中国坚持发展与安全并重原则，执行安全高效发展核电政策，采用最先进的技术、最严格的标准发展核电。1985年3月，中国大陆第一座核电站——秦山核电站破土动工。截至2015年10月底，中国大陆运行核电机组27台，总装机容量2550万千瓦;在建核电机组25台，总装机容量2751万千瓦。中国开发出具有自主知识产权的大型先进压水堆、高温气冷堆核电技术。“华龙一号”核电技术示范工程投入建设。中国实验快堆实现满功率稳定运行72小时，标志着已经掌握快堆关键技术。
With the development of the nuclear energy
sector, nuclear safety and nuclear emergency workhave seen steady synchronous
reinforcement. China’s nuclear facilities and nuclear activitieshave all along been in
safe and stable state and, in particular, the safety level of nuclearpower
stations has witnessed constant improvement. None of the nuclear power
generatingunits in China’s mainland has suffered events
or accidents rated above Level 2 under theInternational Nuclear and
Radiological Event Scale (INES), with the release of gaseous andliquid
effluents kept far below the national regulatory limits. All of the
under-constructionnuclear power generating units have intact quality assurance,
safety supervision andemergency preparedness systems.
伴随着核能事业的发展，核安全与核应急同步得到加强。中国的核设施、核活动始终保持安全稳定状态，特别是核电安全水平不断提高。中国大陆所有运行核电机组未发生过国际核与辐射事件分级表二级以上事件和事故，气态和液态流出物排放远低于国家标准限值。在建核电机组质量保证、安全监管、应急准备体系完整。
China has always attached great importance to
nuclear emergency work by taking a highlyresponsible attitude toward the safety
of the people and society as a whole in enforcing nuclearemergency management.
Arrangements have been made for nuclear emergency work intandem with the
decision taken to proceed with nuclear power development. In the wake ofthe
Chernobyl accident, China made it clear that there would be no change in its
nuclear powerdevelopment policy, while stressing that a good job would be done
on nuclear emergencypreparedness - with the result that national nuclear
emergency work got off the ground in1986. In 1991 the National Nuclear Accident
Emergency Committee was inaugurated andcommissioned to make overall planning
and coordinate nuclear accident emergencypreparations and rescue work
nationwide. In 1993 China promulgated the Regulations onEmergency Measures for
Nuclear Accidents at Nuclear Power Plants to formalize nuclearemergency by
regulatory means. In 1997 the first National Nuclear Emergency Plan
(Scenario)was issued to lay out arrangements for nuclear emergency preparations
and response in theform of a governmental decision. To cater to the needs of
nuclear power development,multiple revisions have since been made to the
original Plan and the latest version of NationalNuclear Emergency Plan has been
enacted. At present, China’s nuclear emergencymanagement and preparations have seen
comprehensive upgrades in terms of system,specialization, standards and
scientific rigor.
中国高度重视核应急，始终以对人民安全和社会安全高度负责的态度强化核应急管理。早在作出发展核电决策之时就同步部署安排核应急工作。切尔诺贝利核事故发生后，中国明确表示发展核电方针不变，强调必须做好核应急准备，1986年即开展国家核应急工作。1991年，成立国家核事故应急委员会，统筹协调全国核事故应急准备和救援工作。1993年，发布《核电厂核事故应急管理条例》，对核应急作出基本规范。1997年，发布第一部《国家核应急计划(预案)》，对核应急准备与响应作出部署，之后，为适应核能发展需要，多次进行修订形成《国家核应急预案》。目前，中国核应急管理与准备工作的体系化、专业化、规范化、科学化水平全面提升。
Under China’s medium- and long-term development objectives, by 2020
the in-operationnuclear power installed capacity will reach 58 GWe in the
mainland of China plus anadditional 30 GWe approximately under construction. By
2030 endeavors will have beenmade to put into place science and technology
R&D systems along with their associatedindustrial systems representing the
global development trends of nuclear power, and to ensurethat nuclear power
technologies and equipment will take up a substantial share in theinternational
market, thereby meeting the target of building a strong nuclear power
country.Faced with the new situation, new challenges and new requirements,
China is still confrontedwith shortfalls in nuclear emergency work in terms of
technology, equipment, neededprofessionals, capacity and standards, which are
the same problems encountered by othercountries in developing nuclear energy.
China will seek to reinforce national nuclear emergencymanagement and raise its
nuclear emergency work to a new level through idea innovation,scientific and
technological innovation, and management innovation.
按照中国核电中长期发展规划目标，到2020年，中国大陆运行核电装机容量将达到5800万千瓦，在建3000万千瓦左右;到2030年，力争形成能够体现世界核电发展方向的科技研发体系和配套工业体系，核电技术装备在国际市场占据相当份额，全面实现建设核电强国目标。面对核能事业发展新形势新挑战，中国核应急在技术、装备、人才、能力、标准等方面还存在一定不足，这也是其他国家在开发利用核能进程中面临的共同课题。中国将通过理念创新、科技创新、管理创新，不断强化国家核应急管理，把核应急提高到新水平。
II. Guidelines and Policies for Nuclear
Emergency Preparedness
二、核应急方针政策
As a large developing country, China has laid
down basic guidelines and policies applicable tonuclear emergency preparedness
through enactment of laws, administrative regulations andissuance of government
decrees in the course of nuclear energy development.
中国是发展中大国，在发展核能进程中，通过制定法律、行政法规和发布政令等方式，确定核应急基本方针政策。
The basic objectives of nuclear emergency
preparedness in China are: scientific coordinationaccording to law, timely and
effectively coping with nuclear accidents, maximallycontrolling/mitigating or
eliminating accidents, minimizing human casualties/fatalities andproperty
damages, protecting the public and the environment, maintaining social order
andsafeguarding the people’s safety and national security.
中国核应急基本目标是：依法科学统一、及时有效应对处置核事故，最大程度控制、缓解或消除事故，减轻事故造成的人员伤亡和财产损失，保护公众，保护环境，维护社会秩序，保障人民安全和国家安全。
The basic policy of nuclear emergency
management in China is: constant vigilance, versatilecompatibility, unified
command, active coordination, public safeguard and environmentalprotection.
中国核应急基本方针是：常备不懈、积极兼容，统一指挥、大力协同，保护公众、保护环境。
Constant vigilance, versatile compatibility.
Nuclear emergency organizations at all levelsshould stay alert and vigilant at
all times in readiness to respond to possible nuclearaccidents at any time. A
nuclear emergency preparation and response system featuringcoordination of
dedicated and standby systems, rational deployment of resources,combination of
routine exercises and actual emergency response, and integration ofcivilian and
military resources is to be established and perfected. Nuclear emergency
workmust be planned and deployed in an overall manner together with other
activities andimplemented compatibly with them.
常备不懈、积极兼容。各级核应急组织以“养兵千日，用兵一时”的态度，充分准备，随时应对可能发生的核事故。建立健全专兼配合、资源整合、平战结合、军民融合的核应急准备与响应体系。核应急与其他工作统筹规划、统筹部署、兼容实施。
Unified command, active coordination. Operators
of nuclear installations shall coordinateand direct on-site nuclear accident
emergency response actions in a unified manner, andgovernments at all levels
shall coordinate and direct nuclear accident emergency responseactions within
their respective jurisdictions in a unified manner. Under the
unifiedorganization and direction of the government, nuclear emergency
organizations, relevantdepartments, relevant enterprises, professional teams,
social organizations and militaryrescue units shall work in coordination with
one another in a joint effort to complete nuclearaccident emergency response
actions.
统一指挥、大力协同。核设施营运单位统一协调指挥场内核事故应急响应行动，各级政府统一协调指挥本级管辖区域内核事故应急响应行动。在政府统一组织指挥下，核应急组织、相关部门、相关企业、专业力量、社会组织以及军队救援力量等协同配合，共同完成核事故应急响应行动。
Public safeguard and environmental
protection. Public safeguard constitutes thefundamental objective of nuclear
emergency preparedness, and it is incumbent upon us totake the attitude and
actions that everything is for the people in coping with nuclear
accidents.Environmental protection should be viewed as the fundamental
requirement of nuclearemergency preparedness in such a way that every effort is
made to minimize the release ofradioactive substances and do our best to
control, mitigate and eliminate damages to theenvironment.
保护公众、保护环境。把保护公众作为核应急的根本宗旨，以一切为了人民的态度和行动应对处置核事故。把保护环境作为核应急的根本要求，尽可能把核事故造成的放射性物质释放降到最小，最大程度控制、减轻或消除对环境的危害。
The basic principles underlying nuclear
emergency preparedness in China are: unifiedleadership, different levels of
responsibility, tiered arrangements, coordination between thelocality and the
military, quick response, and scientific handling.
中国核应急基本原则是：统一领导、分级负责，条块结合、军地协同，快速反应、科学处置。
Unified leadership, different levels of
responsibility. Under the unified leadership of the centralgovernment, China
has established a nuclear emergency management system featuringassignment of
responsibility to different levels. The operator of the relevant
nuclearinstallation is the major body of accountability for on-site emergency
work. The people’sgovernment at the provincial level is the major body of
accountability for off-site emergencyactivities in its jurisdiction.
统一领导、分级负责。在中央政府统一领导下，中国建立分级负责的核应急管理体系。核设施营运单位是核事故场内应急工作责任主体。省级人民政府是本行政区域核事故场外应急工作责任主体。
Tiered arrangements, coordination between the
locality and the military. Nuclear emergencyinvolves the central and the local,
the military and the government, on-site and off-site,specialized techniques
and social administration. Therefore, it is necessary to uphold theprinciples
of uniform deployment and centralized planning, mutual support,
mutualcoordination, and comprehensive rescue at all times.
条块结合、军地协同。核应急涉及中央与地方、军队与政府、场内与场外、专业技术与社会管理等方面，必须坚持统筹兼顾、相互配合、大力协同、综合施救。
Quick response, scientific handling. When a
nuclear accident occurs, all levels of nuclearemergency organizations shall be
mobilized at the earliest possible time to rapidly control andmitigate the
accident to minimize any impact on the public and the environment. Everyeffort
shall be made to take into account the characteristics and rules applicable to
nuclearaccidents as the basis for organizing studies and evaluations to enable
scientific decision-making, and enforce a full range of response actions in an
effective manner, includingradiation monitoring, worksite rescue,
decontamination and cleansing, radiation protectionand medical treatment, and
so forth.
快速反应、科学处置。核事故发生后，各级核应急组织及早介入，迅速控制缓解事故，减轻对公众和环境的影响。遵循应对处置核事故特点规律，组织开展分析研判，科学决策，有效实施辐射监测、工程抢险、去污洗消、辐射防护、医学救援等响应行动。
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没有人可以否认，几百万的私人小企业大大地推动了国家的经济。
No one can deny that millions of small private enterprises have fuelled the nation's economy.
Gypsies are often treated with disapproval, lack of trust, and lack of understanding because their way of life is so different from the way most other British people live.
吉普赛人的生活方式和大部分英国人大不相同，所以人们对吉普赛人的态度总是不以为然，很不信任，而且对他们的生活缺乏了解。
Just a couple of days ago, climbers, backed by United Nations Environment Program (UNEP), returned from the Himalayas, where they gathered first-hand accounts from monks, local people and other travelers on the state of the environment of the world's most famous mountain range. They have recorded in words, in photographs, and on film, the dramatic impacts that global warming is having on glaciers, causing them to rapidly thaw, and build up melt waters in mountain lakes. As a result, these lakes could soon burst, sending millions of tons of water and rubble swirling down the valleys threatening life and limb. // The expedition has also looked at the impacts of tourism on the mountains, concluding that much of what is happening is environmentally damaging, and a burden on the people, wildlife and landscapes of these once pristine wilderness areas. //
Every year World Environment Day is an occasion to pause and reflect on the state of the environment. This year especially, faced with the findings of our climbers, in the International Year of the Mountains, I urge you to "Give Earth a Chance". I ask you to look at our daily impact on the planet and its peoples, and to take action to improve our environmental behavior. //
Although mountains have been revered since time began, such beliefs are no longer enough to preserve fragile mountain ecosystems, for the well-being of all. We face an immense challenge, the challenge of ensuring their stability and preservation for the generations to come. //
Mountains are our water-towers. Mountains are a major source of energy. Mountains feed those living on them. Mountain ecosystems are linked to life in the lowlands, to freshwater and to the seas. Mountains are islands of rich biological and cultural diversity, home to unique plants, animals, languages and traditions. //
Sustainable development is a must. We need to combine the environmental dimension with social activity and economic development. This must be our common target, especially in mountain regions. Without sustainable development we cannot solve the problems. It is not enough to simply say we have a conservation plan for nature, and natural resources. // We must give people a chance to live and survive in these regions, therefore we need jobs; we need a perspective for young people to remain there and not go to the big cities. Mountains are virtual treasure chests of untapped economic potential—vital to sustainable development. This was recognized by the Earth Summit in Rio. //
Mountains attract tourists, but tourism has to be well managed to minimize impact on sensitive mountain environments. Respect should be the byword of the tourists, and tour operators, that bring people into contact with local people and landscapes, //The respect includes paying local people a decent wage, sourcing local food and materials where possible, and observing local customs, beliefs and traditions. Tourists are guests in other peoples' ecosystems and should behave as such. Mountains as a resource HAVE to be valued, and some of that value has to benefit mountain dwellers. Earnings from tourism should be shared equitably between all stakeholders. //
Especially this year, the International Year of Ecotourism, every effort should be made to promote Ecotourism in mountains. For some communities and regions, sustainable tourism can be a first step towards sustainable development. Let us hope that all societies will come to revere mountains, and thus be motivated to invest in them, preserve this unique asset, and in turn reap benefit from it. //
On this World Environment Day let us all begin to act for the conservation not only of the mountains, but the sea, the land, water and the air too. Let us act to give the Earth a chance. An unpolluted pristine environment is vital to our survival, a precious resource, which will only endu
由联合国环境署资助的登山队员几天前刚刚从喜马拉雅山返回，登山队员们从当地的僧人、居民和其他游客那里收集到了第一手有关这座世界上最著名山脉的环境现状资料。他们以文字、照片和胶片记录下了全球升温对冰川所产生的剧烈影响：冰川迅速融化，化成的水流入山地湖泊中，导致湖水不久将涨满溢出，致使数以百万吨的水夹杂着石块冲入山谷，从而对人类生命构成威胁。//队员们还考察了旅游业对喜马拉雅山地区带来的影响，认为目前所开展的旅游活动对环境都具有破坏性，同时也使这里的居民、野生动物和自然景观背上了沉重的负担，而这里原本就属于原始野生地区。// 一年一度的世界环境日使我们有机会静下心来，对目前的环境状况进行反思。今年的世界环境日更是如此；面对我们登山队员的调查结果，在这个国际山岳年里，我谨此敦促各位“给我们的地球一线生机”。我要求各位审视一下我们的日常生活给这个星球及其居民带来的影响，并采取行动，改进我们的环境行为。// 尽管人们自古以来便对山岳怀有一种崇敬感，但如今仅靠这种崇敬之情已不足以维系脆弱的山岳生态系统从而造福人类了。我们当前面临的巨大挑战是如何为了我们的子孙后代而确保维护山岳生态系统的平衡。// 山是我们的水塔，也是能源生成的主要之地。山养育着依靠它生存的人们。山岳生态系统与低洼地区的生物密切相关，同时也与淡水和海洋密切相关。山岳中蕴藏着丰富的生物和多元的文化，是许多珍奇动、植物、和独特的语言及传统的发源地。// 可持续发展势在必行。我们必需将环境的各个方面与社会活动和经济发展结合起来，特别是在山区，这必须成为我们的共同目标。若不能实现可持续发展，便不能解决我们面对的各种问题。仅仅说我们已制订了保护大自然和自然资源的计划是远远不够的。//我们必须使人们有条件在这些地区生活和生存下去。为此，我们需要在当地创造就业机会，从而使年青一代有希望能留下来，而不是涌入大城市。山岳实际上是个宝库，储存着尚未被充分开发的、对可持续发展至关重要的经济潜力。这一点已得到里约地球首脑会议的认可。// 山岳对游客有着巨大的吸引力，但旅游业必须得到良好的管理，以最大限度地减少旅游业对山岳的敏感环境产生影响。我们的旅游从业人员将游客带到当地与当地居民接触并欣赏那里的自然景观，尊重必须成为游客和旅游从业人员的行为规范。//这种尊重包括付给当地居民合理的工资、尽可能使用当地的食品和物资，遵守当地的习俗、观念和传统。游客是造访他乡生态系统的客人，因此其行为举止应符合游客的身份。山岳作为一种资源其价值必须得到重视，当地山民应能从中得到实惠。旅游业的收益应在所有的利益相关者之间进行公平分配。// 今年是国际生态旅游年，大家应不遗余力地推动山岳生态旅游业的发展。对于某些社区和地区而言，发展可持续旅游业大可成为其努力实现可持续发展的第一步。我们希望，所有社会都将逐步建立起对山岳的尊重，进而产生投资山区的兴趣、努力保护这一独特的资产，并从中获益。// 值此世界环境日之际，让我们一道不仅为保护我们的山岳、而且还为保护海洋、陆地、水和空气而采取行动。让我们携起手来，给我们的地球一线生机。没有遭到污染的原始环境对于我们的生存至关重要，因为只有给地球留有生机，才能使这种宝贵的资源得以延续。// (联台国环境署前执行长官克劳斯?特普费尔在2002年6月5日世界环境日上的讲话“给地球一线生机”)
他们立刻出动去追击敌人。
They immediately set out in pursuit of the enemy.
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